Socio-Cultural Empowerment in the
Andes
And the Use of Narrative Techniques
to
Track and Discuss Historic
Transformations
Charles D. Kleymeyer, Ph.D.
Senior Fellow, Center for the
Support of Native Lands
The
concept of empowerment long ago took its place in the lexicon of academics and
practitioners struggling with new ways to approach impoverishment, domination,
and dependency, and the liberation movements that have arisen as a response to
these ancient and far-reaching social trends.
For the sake of brevity, I will not review the literature on empowerment
here, but will refer you to other attempts of mine to cover that concept:
Kleymeyer 1973, 1982, 1991, 1992, 1994, and 1998.
While many utilize the term “empowerment,” few have
attempted to define it. Empowerment
entails the acquisition of certain skills and capacities by relatively
low-power persons, that results in those persons overcoming barriers, reducing
dependencies, and gaining control over social outcomes to which they aspire. It generally entails counteracting,
neutralizing, or even winning over those who would limit the power of the
aspirants and maintain their own ascendancy in vertical power relations. The realization of empowerment is
significantly enhanced and hastened by collective rather than individual
action, as well as by building and maintaining strong social and cultural
identities at both the group and individual levels.
Empowerment takes place at many
levels: societal (from nation to community), interpersonal, and
psychological. It is not successful
when only one level is focused upon, because each level is necessary, and each
one mutually reinforces the others. In
the 1960s, many activists began working at the individual and community levels
(a logical, if incomplete, starting point) in an attempt to support the efforts
of ethnic minorities -- in both Latin American and the US -- to rebuild their
identities and empower themselves.
When I arrived in highland Peru in the mid-1960s, as
an inexperienced young Peace Corps Volunteer, I encountered a sociocultural
reality that was vastly different from the one that exists in the Andes
today. Indigenous peoples lived under
conditions of crushing poverty and discrimination -- in free villages, or ayllus,
if they were lucky, and on or near haciendas controlled by a dominant class of
Mestizos, if they were not so lucky. In
either case, schooling and health care were all but nonexistent. Human rights was a concept that existed
primarily for white, middle class journalists and politicians, who fell within
the category of “gente decente” or simply “gente,” but not for
the disadvantaged urban slum dwellers or members of the lower caste, known as
“cholos,” “estos indios,” or even “indios brutos” or “indios
sucios.”
The standard of living of these latter persons was
sub-human. To illustrate, I personally
witnessed a situation on an hacienda in the Department of Cuzco, in which the
building that housed the owner’s pigs was far superior to the hovels that he
provided for his indentured Indian peones. These Indian families were
working land that had belonged to their ancestors, and doing so for no economic
compensation other than the “right” to live there and plant a small garden plot
on the mountainside.
In the cities, like Abancay and Cuzco, Indigenous
campesinos were second-class citizens.
They had virtually no civil rights, were talked to like children
(meriting only the “tu” form, and called “hijo” or “indiacita”),
and when one of the “gente” met an Indigenous person on the sidewalk,
the latter would step quickly into the gutter to give way. In Abancay, longtime home of the indigenista
novelist José María Arguedas, it was common for an Indian man to have his hat
or poncho taken away from him by a policeman as the man entered town in the
morning, and be forced to work all day sweeping streets or constructing the
Police Swimming Pool and Clubhouse, to earn his treasured garment back in the
evening.
Indians could not vote, rarely held title to their
lands, and were fortunate if they could read and write. In the cities, they were often ashamed to
wear a poncho, ashamed to speak Quechua, and fearful in the presence of a
Mestizo to the point of showing extreme deference and ingratiation, even
avoiding eye contact and all physical touch.
Indigenous communities had virtually no power of
petition or right to protest, or other recourse against abuses. If a Mestizo village schoolteacher typically
showed up on Tuesday and left on Thursday, or forced children to bring a piece
of firewood and an egg to class every morning, or took advantage of the young
girls after class, there was little that could be done. Complaints would either fall on deaf ears,
or lead to the teacher being transferred to another village, to do the same,
and the complaining village might be left with no teacher for the remainder of
the year or longer.
In short, Indigenous people were at the bottom of
rigid, vertical power relations. As
such, they could supplicate or ingratiate, hoping to find the “buen patrón,”
but with the exception of the occasional rebellion, they had almost no
opportunity to negotiate or make demands.
They were at the mercy of a semi-feudal system, ameliorated only by noblesse
oblige or good-heartedness. All of
the above I documented in my dissertation on power and dependency, domination
and defense, in the southern Peruvian highlands (Kleymeyer, 1973 and 1982), as
well as in other publications.
The changes that have taken place over the past three
decades have been deep and far-reaching.
There is a long way yet to go, but significant momentum has been
attained, and there is no going back to old ways. Those changes are the result of social movements and grassroots
development efforts designed and carried out by Indigenous peoples and their
organizations.
My empirical perspective in this paper is based on
thirty-five years accompanying those grassroots movements and organizations in
the Andean Region -- from Venezuela to Chile; highlands, Amazon, and
coast. My experience has been primarily
in Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia, but it also includes Venezuela, Bolivia, and
Chile (as well as Guatemala and Nicaragua in Central America).
During that time, I have worked as a volunteer
organizer, cultural activist, foundation representative, and researcher and
author (in English, Spanish, and Quichua/Quechua). This work has been based on strategies rooted in social
theory. Virtually all of the analytical
activity has been, by choice, qualitative -- or non-statistical -- in
nature. People frequently critique
so-called “anecdotal evidence,” as if an event recorded and reported by means
of narrative description has only happened once, cannot be analyzed
mathematically, and for both reasons has no “scientific” basis or value, and
consequently is not as good as supposedly more precise quantitative data. This is often a simple manifestation of
academic or intellectual prejudice. It
can also reveal a hesitancy to confront social settings and data directly,
thereby developing the human senses and sensibility as tools of measurement,
and the mind as a creative analytical instrument.
With a narrative/descriptive
approach, one can systematically, efficiently, and economically collect
qualitative empirical evidence, and then classify it into categories by means
of a rigorous process of analysis.
Notably, such qualitative data presented through narrative or fictional
techniques often has greater impact on the target audience:
·
It enables them to
empathize, in the process of being drawn
into the middle of an unfolding scene or incident;
·
It helps them to better
visualize and comprehend a complex
social process that has taken place;
·
It has special
capacities to motivate them to think and
question, and even to take action.
Many social analysts have employed and written about
such narrative methods over the preceding half century: particularly Bowen,
1954; Clifford and Marcus, 1986; Collier, 1967; Dabaghian, 1970; Gerard, 1996;
Goffman, 1959; Greenberg, 1975; Kurten, 1995; Mills, 1959; Milstead, 1974; and
Nisbet, 1976.
During the past 15 years or so, I have been
experimenting with taking such a qualitative approach a step further by
employing narrative techniques of storytelling and fiction that I have been
developing since I was a creative writing major as an undergraduate. This process culminated in the production of
a trilingual collection of short stories (facilitated by a Fulbright grant in
Otavalo, Ecuador in 1999) entitled Padre Sol, Madre Luna: Cuentos del
desarrollo de base pluricultural; Inti Tayta, Killa Mama: Runallaktakunapak
tauka yachaykuna; Father Sun, Mother Moon: Stories of pluricultural grassroots
development. (Kleymeyer, 2000)
Producing that book was truly a
labor of love. It represents my
conscious attempt to combine the tools, voices, and points of view of fiction,
with the observational and analytical methodologies of the social sciences --
in order to present in a useful way an assortment of important sociocultural
themes. I employed this dual approach
in an attempt to portray a sensitive and complicated set of realities in ways
that hopefully communicate to the reader on a broader and deeper plane than if
just one of the approaches were utilized, i.e. pure fiction or pure social
science.
Being trained and experienced in both
approaches, I have always thought that the two are closely related, and I have
discovered that in some ways a combination of the two is greater -- i.e., more
powerful -- than their simple sum. I
will let the readers decide whether that is true for them. As for myself, I am certain that there are
some concepts, emotions, and realities for which social science description and
analysis, by themselves, are simply inadequate.
In sharing part of the
above-mentioned book here, I ask readers to be careful: This piece is not
journalism, and it is not scientific history.
It is literature based on real people and real events, with specific
sociocultural objectives: namely, to tell stories describing actual human
struggles and challenges, and to do so in such a way that facilitates the
reader's feeling and experiencing of those events and their context, from the
inside.
So readers might find a waterfall
where it isn't, or one lake that has been exchanged for another. And they may find events and situations that
have been lived through by Ecuadorian schoolchildren, intermingled with similar
ones experienced by Peruvian and Bolivian pupils. All of the events happened.
And all of it is embedded in the collective memory of the people and is
engraved on their souls.
I ask that Andean readers bear with
me -- some of the description in the story may seem elementary or superfluous,
but a foreign reader might need this amount of detail. For non-Andean readers, I ask that they avoid
superimposing their own context and reality on the Andean one.
It is worth mentioning that this
story (and the rest of the trilingual book from which it comes) has had
multiple uses: It has been utilized in
bilingual/intercultural education classes and in consciousness-raising and
self-reflection workshops, as well as academic settings in Latin America and
the US. It has also served to stretch
my own mind and to broaden my perspective.
Allow me to take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude to
the Andean people -- Indigenous, Black, and Mestizo -- for having welcomed me
among them during the past thirty-five years -- years of memorable, imperfect,
and unfinished efforts to support disadvantaged peoples in their attempts to
achieve physical and cultural survival, empowerment and self-determination, and
a just development in accord with their own criteria.
I
will now illustrate some of broad social changes -- and the realities from
which they sprang -- by presenting the first story in my trilingual collection,
about a famous Indian leader from Chimborazo, whom I called “Anselmo Chumbi” at
the time, but am now free to name: Ambrosio Passa.
In order to convey the full multilingual and
pluricultural flavor of the piece, I offer it in all three languages. I recommend that the reader center in on the
following themes:
·
changing relations
between Indians and Mestizos;
·
getting ahead
collectively, and the wellspring of broader
movements;
·
mutually reinforcing
processes of cultural revitalization
and grassroots development;
·
social and gender
empowerment.
"¿Tú Eres Anselmo Chumbi?
... Sí."
Anselmo rolled up one pants
leg, then the other, and stepped
Barefoot into the rising water
of the freshly dug irrigation ditch.
The cold water swept around his
calves, soon causing the
muscles to ache as if steel spikes
were passing through them.
Eyeing the rows of potato plants, he
swiftly reached out with
his short-handled hoe and in three
sure motions pulled soil
down from the edge of the ditch to dam
off the water and send
it roiling to the left into
another trench. It was Thursday at
sunset, and the government
water agency would
allow his
community to irrigate only
until Sunday morning. No rain had
fallen in seven weeks, and the
withered leaves of the young
plants hung straight down. Once again, a poor harvest would
mean that he and his people
would be forced to eat everything
they dug, including the seed
potatoes for next year, and many
men would have to leave for the
cities in search of temporary
wage labor. There they would
spend the nights under bridges
and the days carrying loads on
their backs with ropes, like
farm animals. Anselmo stepped
out of the ditch onto the foot-
path and watched the water as
it surged down the rows,
reflecting the red glow of the sky like open arteries laid
rhythmically across the fields.
Anselmo Chumbi. Campesino.
Descendent of Pumaruna Indians who stood up to the Incas on the rolling
grasslands of the high Andes. The first
person in the community of Runapac Libertad to sign his name.
In the past, when a newspaper
found its way to Libertad, it was carried to Anselmo to read aloud. This tradition later developed into teaching
sessions, until most of the men and some of the younger women could also read.
That was ten years ago, when Anselmo was young and
newly married. Now he taught literacy
at night for the government in a nearby village bordered by haciendas. These were among the only large plantations
left in Aputambo Province, and the men of the village sold their labor in front
of each hacienda house for a daily wage, as their fathers and grandfathers had
also done. Before that, the lands had
all belonged to the Indians; now they had no choice but to live high up on the
mountainsides. Each day the men walked
down the eroded gullies to the haciendas' valley lands to work in the fields
and pastures of the Mestizo landowners.
The women and children stayed behind in the villages to tend the dusty
garden plots on the hillsides around their adobe houses.
Anselmo had known that life well as a boy. It was a life he had always wished to leave
behind. In spite of the relentless
efforts of the rich hacendados to maintain their grip on Indian land and
labor, a few progressive governments and a phalanx of Indian organizations had
slowly succeeded in bringing about changes, particularly in education and land
reform. Now, evenings at dusk, after
working in Libertad's community fields since dawn, Anselmo caught a bus to the
bridge below Rumipamba and carefully skirted the hacienda lands on foot to
teach his class in reading and writing.
Once,
while walking along the irrigation ditch that bordered the largest of the
haciendas, Anselmo came upon an armed watchman, a Mestizo wearing stay-pressed
pants fastened by a belt with a silver buckle.
He was leaning against a small automobile parked in the pasture.
"Hey, son,”
the watchman called to him just as he passed.
Anselmo stopped and looked back without turning around.
"An Indian removes his hat
for a gentleman."
Anselmo took a breath.
"My father told me that was once custom,” he said, and he resumed
his walking, picking up the pace as the sun sank through the eucalyptus
trees. When he reached Rumipamba he was
winded and felt slightly ashamed. He took
his hat off and wiped the inside of the headband with his handkerchief. When he put the hat back on he was breathing
normally again and was ready to begin class.
Rumipamba means "plain of stones" in
Quichua. The name refers to the high
plateau where community members had constructed the one-room school a few years
earlier. There, in the adobe room with
its packed earthen floor, Anselmo gathered his group of men and women, lit a
kerosene lantern, and for the next two hours shared his cherished skill:
“ma-má"
"pa-pá"
"a-gua"
"re-for-ma a-gra-ri-a"
<< You're Anselmo
Chumbi?... Yes. >>
Anselmo had a clear, open face with skin like burnished
walnut. His eyes were rounded, never
narrowing and always observing steadily what went on about him. He was a quiet man: slow to smile and slow
to let the smile fade.
People found it easy to like Anselmo. He had a youthful approach to life and was devoted to his family,
and by extension, to his community. He
steered clear of politicians, and he kept his distance from missionaries, as
well.
Short and broadly built, Anselmo had thick legs and campesino
hands, battered and perpetually dusty.
He sometimes wore a jacket and always wore shoes, but he was Indian to
the core. He was usually the first to
ask the young group of traditional musicians in Libertad to play the
songs that livened up the long community meetings and the mingas.
Anselmo believed that mingas
were what kept the Indian communities alive and pushing forward, because
only by pooling their labor on minga days could they accomplish the
impossible tasks that faced them.
Where his sister lived, in Tamburco, they built a 12-kilometer
feeder road down to the highway with mingas of men, women, and children
and no heavy machinery The people of San Francisco Kaypi drove an irrigation
tunnel through 400 meters of mountain rock when a landowner cut off their
water. Three men lost their lives
during that year's work. The government
engineer who inspected the tunnel after it was completed said that from a
technical standpoint it was not possible.
Then he thrust his hand in the flowing water and swore under his
breath. And in Anselmo's own Runapac
Libertad, the campesinos had paid for their land, their life force, with the
produce resulting from scores of mingas.
So Anselmo understood well the power of this tradition that dated
from before the arrival of the Europeans and even the Incas. Moreover, he thought that Indians should
speak Quichua in the family and in the community; Spanish was for forays into
the Mestizo world in the cities. He had
faith in the cures that the old ones knew about, especially the dried
leaves. And he believed that
hummingbirds sometimes spoke to men, and that great-winged condors visited
shepherd girls on the high grassy punas.
Many of these things he kept to himself, and that was best. Not everyone respected the Indian ways, not
even all the Indians.
Anselmo remembered his days in
primary school: he had to walk four kilometers to a neighboring town because
the landowners near his home would not allow a local school to be established
for Indians. Each morning at school,
the Mestizo teacher from the city of Plazablancas lined up all the Indian
pupils at parade rest on the dirt patio in front of the school. Then she ordered them to repeat after her at
the top of their voices:
"I will wash my hands and
face every day before school!"
"I WILL WASH MY HANDS AND
FACE EVERY DAY BEFORE SCHOOL!"
"I will not fight with my
neighbor!"
"I WILL NOT FIGHT WITH MY
NEIGHBOR!"
"I will not speak
Quichua!"
"I WILL NOT SPEAK
QUICHUA!"
During one dry season, the Indian parents organized a minga
to add a second room to the adobe school.
Anselmo and the other schoolchildren, on their own initiative, formed
themselves into a long line to carry adobe bricks from the field where they had
been baked in the sun, across the stream -- stepping carefully on the largest
rocks -- all the way to the construction site.
The schoolteacher emerged from her living quarters at midmorning to
discover that the girls as well as the boys were toting the large, straw-caked
adobes. This she put an immediate end
to, explaining loudly for the benefit of all within earshot: "Females do
not carry heavy weights. Let us
remember that."
Anselmo remembered the schoolteacher. She taught him a lot, some of which he later found it was
necessary to unlearn.
Anselmo and his wife, Cecilia, had six children, five of whom
survived. Cecilia was two years younger
than he but appeared to be half again as old.
She was carrying their seventh.
Like all the other women in Runapac Libertad, Cecilia maintained
traditional dress. She wore full skirts
of black, hand-woven cloth; and a long shawl of the same material covered her
head and shoulders, ending at the waist.
Her muslin blouse was embroidered with intertwined flowers, and her long
braids fell from under a black felt hat.
Forever shoeless, her bare feet were cracked and worn by the paths that
doubled back and forth up the eroding mountainsides.
Cecilia spoke only Quichua, which was common among the women of
Runapac Libertad, except now for the schoolgirls. Her aunt had taught her all she had known about midwifery the
year before she died, and Cecilia was called upon frequently. She could talk the birthing women through
the hardest moments, and during the lulls she offered them herbal teas and
rubbed their shoulders.
The women in the Indian communities were tougher than the men and
more tender. Cecilia seemed to absorb
the pain of others and, looking at her, it had taken its toll. Her face was as eroded as the nearby
hillsides; her hands were all bone and veins.
Before she was married, she had worn flowers on her hat each market day,
but no longer.
Their firstborn, a boy, was named after his father. He was affectionately called
"Anselmito” -- little Anselmo -- or just "Amito" for short. Now ten years old, Amito was a replica in
miniature of his father. The same clear
face and open gaze. The same skin tone
and sure stance. Often he went along
when Anselmo traveled to market or gave his literacy classes. People smiled when they saw Amito standing
silently next to his father. He stood
there with shoulders squared under his small poncho, his head held up and covered
by an identical felt hat, his eyes steadily taking everything in.
What Amito most liked to do with his father, though, was to watch
him play volleyball. After working in
the fields all day, Anselmo and the other men loved to meet at the schoolyard
across the highway from his house.
There they would play their wild brand of country "volley," a
cross between soccer, basketball, and refined volleyball. Defying all common notions regarding the
limitations of the human body, Anselmo and the others leapt, swung, sprawled,
and exploded at the battered ball.
There were no restrictions on how the ball could be fielded and then
catapulted back over the thin rope that stretched between two eucalyptus poles
buried upright in the ground. Players
used hands, elbows, feet, knees, closed fists, foreheads, and chests. This they did while standing still,
springing in any direction, crashing together, dropping to their knees, or
rolling on their backs. All in the thin
air at 9,000 feet above the sea.
Scoring was entirely informal, and the conventional concept of grace
had no place in these games. Only one
thing was uniform and required -- laughter.
Hardly ever did any of the players become angry. And all of them shouted throughout the whole
game. It was their one time of total
abandon.
Sometimes, after volleyball, having heard of meetings in other
communities, Anselmo would go. He would
sit in the back, rarely speaking except to introduce himself, saying only that
he came from Runapac Libertad to demonstrate his community's solidarity with
them. Everyone in the valley knew that
Libertad had bought their lands and paid off the debt.
Often he stayed afterwards, talking late into the night with the
leaders. They talked about bank loans
and mastitis. And the community bread
oven in Pumawasi and bookkeeping problems.
And communities that were faced with losing the lands they had been
deeded years before by the agrarian reform agency. Some people had heard of threats voiced publicly against
campesinos. One of those threatened was
Anselmo Chumbi.
Anselmo would say, "My community is a thousand years
old. It is eternal. They can kill a leader, but they cannot kill
an organization. We all have too many
brothers and cousins!" And he would laugh.
"Besides,” he would add,
"this is still a peaceful country.
There are laws. Indians have
rights too. And campesinos. This is not like in other countries. Not yet anyway."
Many of those present would
echo, "You're right. Not
yet."
Later, Anselmo would walk home alone in the moonlight.
<< You're Anselmo Chumbi?...
Yes. >>
(That would be all there was to
his trial.)
When visitors came to Runapac Libertad, Anselmo greeted them in
the dusty schoolyard next to the Pan American Highway. During the rainy season, if asked about the
latest plantings, he would raise his eyes to the hills behind the thatch-roofed
schoolhouse and point silently from field to field until he completed the
circle.
The fields on the hillsides were green against green -- a dozen
shades of green squares of wheat and barley.
And the wind made waves across them as if they were pools of water. Anselmo never tired of looking at that. He had been the one who first talked to the
other villagers about buying those fields.
Many were reticent, unsure it could be done. Anselmo had said, "I'll find out."
The following Sunday, he awoke, took out his white shirt from the
wooden trunk against the wall, dressed carefully, and drank his coffee in the
doorway. The air was light, and the
Andes were dusted with white frost that had formed overnight.
Anselmo emptied the cup and handed it to Cecilia. He stepped outside. Killa Mama, the moon, was still up, like a
pale sliver of dawn ice pressed against the morning sky. She hung high above the clouds that were
piled on top of Aputambo Volcano. It
was good having the moon around in the daytime.
Walking down to the road, he
sang softly:
El sol es mi padre,
La luna mi madre.
El sol es mi padre,
La luna mi madre.
Y las estrellitas
Son mis hermanitas.
Son mis hermanitas.
(The sun is my father,
The moon, my mother.
And the little stars
Are my younger sisters.)
Cecilia followed him down to the highway, carrying his felt hat
and poncho. He took the hat but told
her he had decided not to wear his poncho.
"You should not be ashamed
to wear a poncho."
“I am not ashamed," he
answered. “It’s better like this. The man owns a hotel."
A bus was approaching. He
waved at it, shouting "Plazablancas!" but it did not stop. A quarter of an hour later, a second bus
came by, and it slowed for him. He ran
and caught it, leaping onto the lower step and grabbing the shiny vertical
handrail. The bus accelerated again.
Sliding into the front seat next to a window that was missing its
glass, he stared at the brown hills sweeping by with their steep cultivated
patches of green cut deep by landslides and run-off. For one long stretch, the highway ran beside the train tracks,
but that day there was no smoking train to race, only the thin silver ribbons
of empty tracks reaching straight down the endless valley. No train, because the great rains of El Niño
had silenced the black locomotives, perhaps forever, when entire mountainsides
roared down into the rivers. The
Devil's Nose, where the trains switchbacked down to the coast, had been
realigned permanently by a baby's blow.
Anselmo next studied the
shallow waters of Yawarkucha as the bus streaked by. "Blood Lake" had been the site of a slaughter of Indian
villagers by the Inca invaders more than five centuries ago. Some day, the advancing totora reeds would
turn the lake into a great rich pampa.
He wondered if the same families that had blocked off plots of reeds for
weaving into mats would be successful at claiming the humus underneath. Probably not, but his great grandchildren
would have to live long lives in order to know the answer to that
question. He watched three tall white
egrets lift slowly off the water and sail across the surface of the lake on a
gust of wind.
When Anselmo arrived at the landowner's house in the city of
Plazablancas, he knocked on the massive wooden door with its deeply carved
designs. While inspecting the door, he
took off his hat and held it in front of him with both hands.
A young boy in a blue and gray warm-up suit swung open the
door. "What do you want?"
"I wish to speak to Don Nestor," Anselmo said.
The boy turned toward the interior of the house. "Papá!" he shouted, "An
Indian wants to talk to you!" And
the boy left.
Anselmo waited. The sun
shone brightly on the whitewashed walls of the house. He stared into the dark hole that led
inside. As his eyes adjusted, he could
make out large silver dishes and pots on a wooden table against one wall, and a
television all the way in the back. He
heard noises inside. Soft music played
that reminded him vaguely of mass in the cathedral.
Anselmo shifted his feet. His broken leather shoes groaned
softly. He looked down at his
shirt. A button was missing just above
his belt. Hadn't it been there when he
left home this morning? He could feel
the sun burning on the back of his head.
He looked up again. Don Nestor
stood in front of him.
"Yes, son?" the man said. "What is it you want?"
Don Nestor was a large man with thin hands that had dense tufts of
black hair along the fingers between each set of knuckles. He wore a velvet robe the color of bull's
blood. His hairline was receding,
leaving him with a forehead that stretched to the top of his skull.
Anselmo looked straight into his face. "My name is Anselmo Chumbi. I am from the community of Runapac Libertad. My people want to know if you wish to sell
your land."
Don Nestor
squinted slightly, "Who told you I wish to sell my land?"
"No one," answered Anselmo. "We need more fields to feed our families. Many of us men must spend nine months of the
year on the coast carrying bananas and cutting cane. Or we go to the cities and haul bricks and cement for the
construction bosses." He shifted his weight but continued to look Don
Nestor in the face. "Our women and
children are left alone to farm. If we
had more land, we would have more work and we wouldn't have to leave our homes
to survive. We will pay what you
ask."
"How will you pay?"
"At the end of every three
months."
"Cash or check?"
Anselmo paused to clear his throat. "Cash."
"How will you raise the money?"
"Harvests and day labor."
"What if you don't pay?"
"We'll pay," Anselmo nodded his head forcefully a single
time. "But you keep the title in
case we fail to hold to our agreement."
"The truth is I know nothing about this land business. My father handled all that. Perhaps what you say isn't even legal."
"It is so stipulated in Article 43, Rule 2, Paragraph A of
the Agrarian Reform Law." Don
Nestor's eyebrows rose. "You know
agrarian law?"
"All of it, sir."
"Have you been to school?"
"Five years -- until I was
twelve -- walking to El Porvenir."
"And how do you know
agrarian law?"
"One night they read it
over the Bishop's radio station. My
brother has a cassette recorder. He
taped the program."
Nestor looked at Anselmo for a
long time. Then he smiled and said,
"I'll send my lawyer out on Saturday to talk. Wait for him on the road."
"Thank you, your
honor," Anselmo said with a short nod.
Then he turned and put his hat back on.
His head felt instantly cooler.
As Don Nestor swung the door
shut he thought, "These Indians pay their debts better than the
Mestizos. And I'd rather have money
than dirt." The fact was that he
wanted out of the land problem. Let
these Indians run the risks of droughts and freezes; the money was in marketing
in any case. And let the Indians and
the other Mestizos deal with the endless conflicts over land.
<< You're Anselmo
Chumbi?... Yes. >>
(There would be no
charges. No defense.)
That was five years ago.
After endless haggling, the deal was closed. Then the payments began, and the anxieties as each quarterly
installment came due. Three plantings
of potatoes were burned by frost. One
season was too dry for the wheat and barley, and the next season, unrelenting
rains rotted crops in the fields. Many
of the men went to work on the coast for half a year or more at a stretch. When they returned, their wives threw
firewood at them after they sold off the harvests to pay their part of the
debt, and then came home with only a pound of salt and a bottle of aguardiente. Many were told to go back to the coast and
find the same woman, if they could, who washed and cooked for them there.
After the land was finally paid
for, the people of Libertad next pooled their funds to make a down payment on a
tractor. The rich Mestizos could have
their private cars, and middlemen could buy trucks. But a campesino village could buy a tractor and ride higher than
them all.
Libertad’s tractor had great yellow lights on
the front, and the men drove it on twenty-four-hour shifts to plow the
community lands. Whenever it was
Anselmo's turn, he arrived at dawn with a bottle of water and a plastic sack of
boiled potatoes. And he plowed until
dawn of the next day. He especially
liked driving the tractor at night, looking up at the stars on the long
runs. On clear nights at that altitude,
it seemed as if the sky held as much starlight as darkness, and he watched the
constellations revolve slowly across the great dome above him. If Killa Mama rose and the clouds lifted,
then the snow-capped volcanoes glowed with a blue light that seemed to come
from somewhere behind them.
Even so, the plowing shift always seemed endless to Anselmo, and
by dark the rumble of the tractor motor felt like great hands cupped over his
ears. The dust penetrated and covered
his entire body, and the smell of scorched oil filled his nose. When his shift was finally over, his hands
tingled for hours afterwards and his shoulders carried a dull ache for
days. But it was done, and he was free
to tend his family plot of onions and corn and quinoa for the rest of the
month.
Anselmo regularly worked six-day weeks in the fields and at the
literacy classes in Rumipamba. On
Sundays he often went to the market in Tambo -- where many people still used
barter -- taking a sack of potatoes or flat beans to sell or trade when there
was surplus.
The Tambo market had been held every Sunday for centuries, always
changing and always remaining the same.
There, Anselmo stocked up on supplies: salt, sugar, rice, noodles, and
coffee, each wrapped in a half sheet of newspaper. When there was money left over, he got a haircut and bought hard
candy for the children. Occasionally he
joined in a pick-up game of soccer in the schoolyard, or he wandered over and
watched the hawkers sell aluminum pots and handkerchiefs and nylon clothing
from the North.
Some Sundays there was work to
do at home, fixing a machete handle or replacing a strap on one of the
children's rubber-tire sandals. Other
times, Anselmo felt like going nowhere; he just passed the time talking to his
neighbors and gazing at the mountains.
One Sunday morning very early, Anselmo said to Amito,
"There's someone I want to talk to.
Come with me."
Amito jumped up from the stone he was sitting on by the fire and
grabbed his hat. Anselmo was already
pushing his bicycle out the door.
"Where are you
going?" asked Cecilia.
"Just to the chichería down
the road."
She stood watching, one hand cupped against the side of her face,
as Anselmo boosted Amito up on the handlebars and began pedaling slowly
off. The bike wobbled, and he had to
weave back and forth until he could gain speed. Just as he turned onto the highway, a bus roared by, blaring its
horn and drifting only slightly toward the center of the road. Amito waved good-bye to his mother.
Together they rode nearly two kilometers in the direction of the
city of Plazablancas. Neither of them
spoke. On the handlebars, Amito basked
in the warmth of his father's arms and chest.
He stared at the parched hills and the tall, curving eucalyptus trees
that bordered the fields.
At the side of the road, a swallow-tailed hummingbird made rapid
lateral flights from cactus flower to cactus flower. "Qinde!" he whispered her Quichua name and smiled.
Flowers on the lobe-like cactus leaves meant that soon the
red-orange prickly pears would be ripe.
Amito would come back and pry them off with a forked stick. Then he would roll them on the ground to rub
off the fine, needle-like prickles so that he could turn the fruits inside out
with his bare fingers and eat the succulent pulp.
By now Amito could feel his father's breath on the rear brim of
his hat and down the back of his neck.
The highway was nearly deserted, and not a single cloud was in the sky. Aputambo Volcano -- the resting place of the
gods -- shone brilliantly in front of them, its glaciers streaked with a hint
of icy blue. The eucalyptus trees
leaned gently over in the breeze.
Anselmo swerved around a dead
dog on the road. Its legs stretched
stiffly towards the sun. Run down by
heavy wheels in the night, it seemed to be pushing the sky away. The vultures had already begun their
work. Amito shut his eyes and silently
chided himself for looking.
When they arrived at the chichería,
Anselmo was perspiring. Drops of
sweat slid from under his hatband, down his forehead, and fell onto his
cheekbones. Dark patches of dampness
marked his chest and back, and he pulled his shirt away from his body as he
headed inside.
He ducked to enter the small,
crooked doorway. Cecilia always said
he went there to talk, but only with the lip of a chicha bowl. He nodded to the owner and to the other men
who sat on benches around the walls.
The chicha was good today, made from new
corn. He drank deeply, his eyes closed.
Just sweet enough, and thick. By evening it would have passed his favorite
stage. Amito drank a coke. Anselmo asked for a second bowl.
At home, breast-feeding the
baby, Cecilia heard the shrill honk of a horn.
She stepped through the doorway to see a bright-red Volkswagen
approaching the house. It squealed to a
stop. Inside there were four Mestizos,
all well dressed. One of them, wearing
sunglasses, rolled down the car window.
"Is this the house of
Anselmo Chumbi?" the man asked in Spanish.
Cecilia nodded at the sound of
her husband's name.
"Is he here? Tell him to
come out."
Uncertain of what they were
asking, she shook her head, shifting the baby on her breast.
Five-year-old Rosalía, carrying
her younger brother wrapped in a shawl on her back, peered out from behind her
mother's long, black skirts.
"Where is this Anselmo Chumbi?" insisted the man. "It's important."
Cecilia stared at the speaker.
She could see her reflection in his dark glasses. She averted her eyes and looked at the
sloping red hood of the car. It had a
shiny silver handle at the nose. The
car looked like a crypt for a corpulent bishop.
"Talk!" the man
ordered her.
Her eyes leapt back to his glasses. "Chaypi chichería," she said, motioning down the
valley with her free hand.
The car swung back around to the highway, accelerating as it
climbed onto the pavement.
Anselmo and Amito saw the red Volkswagen as it sped by and pulled
into the yard in front of the chichería.
The two of them had left a quarter of an hour earlier and were
walking the bicycle back home. Anselmo
did not feel steady enough to pedal them both on the highway with its slight,
uphill grade.
Upon crossing the pavement, Amito had heard scores of frogs
incessantly calling from the reeds in the drainage ditch by the roadside. The frogs made sounds like small stones
knocking against one another in a mountain stream. He flopped on his belly on the short, thick grass, trying to catch
sight of even one frog, but he could not.
Anselmo lowered himself down beside the boy, and they both searched for
a moment.
"Papá," said
Amito. "Do the little frogs go to
school to learn to sing?"
"Of course!" answered Anselmo. "And the old ones teach them how to read and write too: ma-má
. . . pa-pá . . . a-gua . .
. re-forma a-gra-ri-a.”
They both laughed and then climbed back to
their feet and headed home. They walked
for awhile, taking turns pushing the bicycle along the edge of the highway. It was then that they heard the Volkswagen
approaching from behind. It went past
them by twenty meters and pulled off the road.
Two men got out and came toward them without hesitation. Both wore pressed suits made of synthetic
fabric. They were looking at
Anselmo. The one with sunglasses spoke
abruptly.
“You're Anselmo Chumbi?..."
Anselmo looked from one face to
the other. "Yes."
The two men stepped forward and shoved him to the road on his
back.
Anselmo threw a quick glance at Amito. "Wasíman!" he ordered. "Home!" But
Amito's gaze locked on his father's, and he made no move to leave him there.
The men stood over Anselmo and drew guns from inside their suit
jackets.
Anselmo stared up at the two figures. The guns seemed like silver fingers pointing at the center of
him. He began to move his lips silently.
"¡Indio de mierda!" one of the men spat out, and
both of them began firing. Their thin
faces jerked as the silver guns exploded sharply over and over. Then they stopped.
Anselmo felt as if hot knives were pinning him to the earth. The pain surged from his midriff to the far
reaches of his body and back again.
A car door slammed, and the
Volkswagen pulled off.
Anselmo stared at the sky.
The blues pulsated slowly like cooling ash in a hearth. The sky seemed deeper than it had ever been
before. Amito's face appeared over his,
and the boy's tears fell into his eyes.
"Papá!" Amito
said. "I'll go for mamá."
He could hear the boy's rubber sandals slap against the pavement
as he ran.
As he lay on his back on the side of the highway, Anselmo could
feel the heat of the pavement on his legs, his shoulders, and the rear of his
head. His feet were pointed north,
towards Plazablancas, and his head south towards Libertad. To his left he could hear the frogs in the
drainage ditch. He felt unable to move.
He continued to stare up at the
morning sky. High above him, a white
egret floated on motionless wings, its legs trailing out behind.
Anselmo's hands lay on his chest.
They grasped his shirt, and they felt warm and wet. The pain in his stomach was ebbing now.
Then all of a sudden, the sun set, and the sky above him turned a
deep red.
In another moment it was night.
There were no stars.
No moon.
And the frogs had fallen silent.
* * * * *
¿TÚ ERES ANSELMO CHUMBI?
De la palabra al silencio
Anselmo se arremangó los
pantalones y metió los
pies desnudos en el agua creciente de la acequia de
irrigación recién abierta. El
agua helada bañaba sus
pantorrillas y pronto le produjo un dolor en los músculos
como si le perforaran con clavos de acero. Observó
detenidamente las hileras de plantas de papa y cogiendo
su azadón, con tres golpes seguros echó tierra del borde
de la acequia para contener el agua y encauzarla a la
izquierda, hacia otra zanja.
Era el atardecer de un
jueves, y la agencia de
irrigación del gobierno permitía a la comunidad de
Anselmo a regar sus campos solamente hasta el domingo
por la mañana. No había Ilovido
en siete semanas, y las
hojas colgaban mustias de las tiernas plantas. Una vez
más, la cosecha precaria le obligaría a él y a su gente a
consumir todo lo que producirían, incluyendo las papas
nuevas que se utilizaban como semilla para la próxima
siembra; y después, muchos de los hombres tendrían que
ir a las ciudades en busca de trabajos temporales. Allá
pasarían las noches bajo los puentes y trabajarían
transportando cargos en sus espaldas, como los animales
del campo.
Anselmo salió de la
acequia, y subió al sendero a
contemplar el agua que corría por las zanjas, reflejando
el resplandor rojo del atardecer como venas abiertas
surcando rítmicamente el campo.
Anselmo
Chumbi. Campesino. Descendiente de los indios pumarunas
quienes hicieron frente a los guerreros incas en las ondulantes y herbosas
pampas de los Andes. La primera persona
en la comunidad de Runapac Libertad que aprendió a escribir su nombre.
En tiempos
pasados, como Anselmo era el único que sabía leer, cualquier periódico que
aparecía en Libertad era inmediatamente puesto en sus manos para que lo leyera
en voz alta. Esta práctica luego se
convirtió en clases hasta que la mayoría de los hombres y algunas de las
mujeres jóvenes aprendieron también a leer.
Eso
fue hace diez años, cuando Anselmo era joven y recién casado. Ahora enseñaba a
leer y a escribir por las noches en el programa de alfabetización del gobierno
en un pueblo cercano rodeado de haciendas.
Estas eran las únicas haciendas grandes que quedaban en la Provincia de
Aputambo y los hombres del pueblo a diario vendían su mano de obra en las
casas de hacienda por un mezquino jornal, tal como lo habían hecho antes sus
padres y abuelos. Mucho antes, todas
esas tierras fértiles pertenecían a los indígenas pero ahora no tenían otra
alternativa que vivir en las altas laderas de la montaña. Todos los días los hombres bajaban por los
erosionados senderos hacía los valles para trabajar en los potreros y
sembradíos de los mestizos dueños de las tierras. Las mujeres y los niños se quedaban en las aldeas cuidando los
polvorientos plantíos junto a sus chozas de adobe.
Anselmo había conocido esa vida
cuando era muchacho. Era una vida que
siempre quiso dejar atrás. A pesar de
los incesantes esfuerzos de los hacendados ricos para mantener su dominio sobre
la tierra y el trabajo de los indios, unos pocos gobiernos progresistas y una
falange de organizaciones indígenas poco a poco lograron cambios,
especialmente en educación y reforma agraria.
Y
ahora, al atardecer, después de trabajar desde el amanecer en los campos
comunales de Libertad, Anselmo tomaba el bus hasta el puente más abajo de
Rumipamba y luego continuaba a pie, bordeando cuidadosamente las haciendas
hasta llegar a la escuela donde enseñaba a leer y a escribir.
Una vez,
mientras caminaba junto a la acequia de irrigación que bordeaba la más grande
de las haciendas, Anselmo se cruzó con un guardián armado, un mestizo que
llevaba pantalones bien planchados, sujetos por un cinturón con hebilla
plateada. Estaba apoyado en un auto
pequeño estacionado en el potrero.
"Oye, hijo", llamó a Anselmo cuando éste pasaba frente a él.
Anselmo se detuvo y miró hacia atrás sin darse vuelta completamente.
"Un indio se quita el sombrero para saludar a un patrón."
Anselmo respiró
profundo. "Mi padre me decía que
antes eso era costumbre", dijo y continuó caminando, acelerando su paso
mientras el sol se hundía entre los árboles de eucalipto. Cuando llegó a Rumipamba, respiraba con
dificultad y se sintió un poco avergonzado.
Se quitó el sombrero y secó el interior de la copa con su pañuelo. Cuando se lo puso de nuevo, ya respiraba
tranquilamente, y se fue a comenzar su clase.
Rumipamba quiere decir
"pampa de piedras" en quichua, refiriéndose a la misma altiplanicie donde los miembros de la comunidad
construyeron hace unos años un cuarto para la escuela. Allí, entre esas paredes de adobe y piso de
tierra pisada, Anselmo reunía a su grupo de hombres y mujeres, prendía una
lámpara de gas, y durante dos horas compartía sus conocimientos tan apreciados:
“ma-má”
“pa-pá”
“a-gua”
"re-for-ma a-gra-ria“
<<¿Tú eres Anselmo Chumbi? ... Sí.>>
Anselmo tenía una cara amplia de rasgos
firmes y la piel como nogal pulido. Sus
ojos redondos, nunca entreabiertos, observaban con atención todo lo que ocurría
a su alrededor. Era un hombre
tranquilo. Sonreía de a poco y dejaba
que la sonrisa también se desvaneciera de a poco.
A la gente le fue fácil apreciar
a Anselmo. Tenía una actitud entusiasta
hacia la vida, y era dedicado a su familia, y por extensión, a su
comunidad. Se mantenía alejado de los
políticos y a buena distancia de los misioneros también.
Bajo de estatura y ancho de
pecho, Anselmo tenía piernas gruesas y manos de campesino, callosas y
eternamente empolvadas. Algunas veces
se vestía con chaqueta y siempre Ilevaba zapatos, pero era indígena hasta la médula.
Generalmente era el primero en pedir al grupo de músicos jóvenes y
tradicionales de Libertad que tocara algo para alegrar las largas reuniones de
la comunidad y las mingas.
Anselmo estaba convencido de que debido a las mingas, las comunidades
indígenas se mantenían actives y avanzando ya que tan solo juntando su mano de
obra en los días de minga podían realizar la colosal labor que les esperaba.
En Tamburco,
donde vivía su hermana, se construyó un camino de doce kilómetros bajando
hacia la carretera, con el trabajo de hombres, mujeres y niños, y sin
maquinaria pesada. Los habitantes de
San Francisco Kaypi extendieron solos un túnel de irrigación a través de 400
metros de montaña r cuando el dueño de las tierras les cortó el agua. Durante aquel año de trabajo, tres hombres
perdieron la vida. El ingeniero del
gobierno que inspeccionó el túnel después de que se terminó, declaró que desde
el punto de vista técnico ese trabajo era imposible. Con eso, metió la mano en el agua corriente y lanzó un
juramento. Y en la propia comunidad de
Anselmo, en Runapac Libertad. Los
campesinos compraron la tierra, su fuente de vida, con los productos que
cosechaban resultado del trabajo de numerosas mingas.
Así es que Anselmo entendía muy bien el poder de esta tradición que
venia desde antes de la Ilegada de los españoles, incluso antes de los
incas. Además, creía que los indígenas
deberían hablar el quichua en familia y en la comunidad; el español era útil
para las incursiones a la ciudad, lugar de encuentro con el mundo mestizo. Tenía fe en las curaciones que los viejos
conocían, especialmente en las hierbas secas.
Y creía que los colibríes a veces hablaban a los hombres y que los
majestuosos cóndores visitaban a las pastorcitas en las verdes pampas de los
piramos. Muchas de estas creencias él
se guardaba nomás, y así era mejor. No
todos respetaban las costumbres de los indígenas; ni aun todos los indígenas
lo hacían.
Anselmo
recordaba los días de su niñez en la escuela primaria: tenía que caminar cuatro
kilómetros hasta una aldea cercana porque los terratenientes donde él vivía no
permitieron que se estableciera una escuela para indígenas. Todas las mañanas en la escuela, la
profesora mestiza venida de la ciudad de Plazablanca, hacia formar a los niños
en el patio de tierra frente a la puerta.
Luego les ordenaba repetir en voz muy alta las frases que ella dictaba:
"iMe lavaré la cara
y las manos todos los días antes de venir a la escuela!"
“iME LAVARÉ LA CARA Y
LAS MANOS TODOS LOS DÍAS ANTES DE VENIR
A LA ESCUELA!"
“¡No pelearé con mis
compañeros!”
"iNO PELEARÉ CON
MIS COMPAÑEROS!"
“¡No hablaré en
quichua!"
"iNO HABLARÉ EN
QUICHUA!"
Durante una de
las estaciones secas, los padres de los niños indígenas organizaron una minga
para añadir un cuarto mis a la escuela.
Anselmo y sus compañeros, de propia iniciativa, formaron una larga
línea para cargar los adobes desde el campo donde los habían dejado secar al
sol, cruzando el arroyo pisando cuidadosamente sobre las mis grandes de las
piedras hasta el sitio de la construcción.
La profesora salió de su casa a media mañana vio que las niñas a la par
con los niños llevaban los gruesos adobes de barro y paja. Paró inmediatamente la operación y explicó
en voz alta para que todos la escucharan:
"Las mujeres no cargan cosas pesadas. Deben siempre recordar eso."
Anselmo recordaba a su profesora.
Le enseñó muchas cosas, algunas de las cuales él se dio cuenta después
que era mejor desaprenderlas.
Anselmo y su mujer, Cecilia, tuvieron seis hijos. Cinco sobrevivieron. Cecilia era apenas dos años más joven que
Anselmo pero aparentaba tener mucha más edad.
Estaba esperando el séptimo hijo.
Como todas las demás mujeres de Runapac Libertad, Cecilia Ilevaba el
traje tradicional: polleras negras de tela tejida a mano, y una larga manta de
la misma tela le cubría la cabeza y los hombros hasta la cintura. Su blusa de algodón era bordada con flores
entrelazadas, y sus largas trenzas asomaban por debajo del sombrero de fieltro
negro. Siempre descalza, sus desnudos
pies estaban agrietados y endurecidos por los senderos que serpenteaban las
montañas erosionados.
Cecilia hablaba solamente quichua, lo que era común entre las mujeres de
Runapac Libertad, con excepción de las jóvenes que ahora asistían a Is
escuela. Su tía, en el año antes de su
muerte, le enseñó todo lo que sabía para ser partera, y ahora era a Cecilia a
quien la gente llamaba para atender los partos. Hablándoles, ayudaba a las mujeres a pasar los momentos más
difíciles del alumbramiento, y durante las calmas pasajeras, les servía agua de
yerbas y les sobaba la espalda.
Las mujeres de las comunidades indígenas eran más fuertes que los
hombres, y también más tiernas. Parecía
que Cecilia hubiera absorbido los sufrimientos de los otros, las huellas en su
rostro lo indicaban. Su cara estaba tan
surcada de arrugas como las colinas circundantes. Sus manos eran piel y hueso.
Antes de casarse llevaba flores en el sombrero cuando iba al mercado,
pero ahora no.
Al primer hijo, un varón, le pusieron el nombre de su padre. En señal de cariño lo Ilamaban
"Anselmito", o simplemente "Amito". Ya de diez años de edad, Amito era una
imagen en miniatura de su padre. La
misma cara amplia y mirada franca. El
mismo tono de piel y postura firme. Con
frecuencia acompañaba a su padre cuando éste iba al mercado o a dar sus clases
de alfabetización. La gente sonreía
cuando veía a Amito parado en silencio, junto a su padre. Se mantenía con el cuerpo erguido bajo su pequeño
poncho, cubierta la cabeza con idéntico sombrero de fieltro, y captando todo
con los ojos, constantemente.
Pero lo que más le gustaba a Amito era ver a su padre jugar volibol. Al terminar la jornada de trabajo en el
campo, Anselmo y los demás hombres solían reunirse en el patio de la escuela
del otro lado de la carretera y frente a su casa. Allí jugaban su propia versión campesina de "voli" --
una mezcla de fútbol, baloncesto y volibol clásico. Desafiando todos los conceptos comunes referentes a las
limitaciones del cuerpo humano, Anselmo y sus compañeros saltaban, rebotaban,
y golpeaban la infeliz pelota. No había
reglas ni restricciones firmes para el juego: un equipo recibía la pelota en su
campo y la arrojaba al otro lado, pasando por una delgada cuerda suspendida
entre dos palos de eucalipto clavados en la tierra. Los jugadores usaban las manos, los codos, los pies, las
rodillas, los puños, la cabeza y hasta el pecho. Se movían en toda dirección, chocaban entre sí, caían de rodillas
y de espaldas. Todo esto a una altura
de tres mil metros sobre el nivel del mar.
Los puntos se contaban casualmente, y el concepto universal de
formalidad no existía en estos partidos.
El único requisito general era el buen humor. Casi nunca se dejaban Ilevar por el enojo y todos gritaban con
entusiasmo durante todo el partido.
Eran sus únicos ratos de completo abandono.
Algunas veces, después del juego de pelota, Anselmo se enteraba de
reuniones en otras comunidades, y allá iba.
Se sentaba atrás y raras veces hablaba, excepto para presentarse: decía
su nombre, de donde venía, y que estaba allí para demostrar la solidaridad de
Runapac Libertad con la comunidad hermana.
Todos los campesinos del valle sabían que Libertad había comprado sus
tierras y había pagado la deuda.
Con frecuencia
se quedaba después de la reunión hablando hasta bien tarde de noche con los
dirigentes. Hablaban sobre préstamos
bancarios y aftosa. Sobre la panaderia
comunal en la comunidad de Pumahuasi, y problemas de contabilidad. Y sobre comunidades que se veían amenazadas
de perder tierras que les habían sido entregadas por la agencia de la reforma
agraria, hacía ya años. Algunos habían
oído amenazas públicas en contra de campesinos. Uno de los amenazados era Anselmo Chumbi.
Anselmo decía: "Mi comunidad tiene mil años. Es eterna.
Pueden matar a un dirigente pero no pueden matar a una
organización. iTodos tenemos demasiados
hermanos y primos!" Y se reía.
"Además", añadía, "éste es un país tranquilo. Hay leyes.
Los indígenas tenemos derechos también, y los campesinos. No es como en otros países. Todavía no."
Muchos de los presentes asentían:
"Tienes razón. Todavía no.”
Más luego en la
noche, Anselmo regresaba solo a su casa, bajo la luz de la luna.
<<¿Tú eres Anselmo Chumbi?... Sí.>>
(Eso será todo lo que habrá de su juicio.)
Cuando llegaban visitas a Runapac Libertad, Anselmo las recibía en el
polvoriento patio de la escuela junto a la Carretera Panamericana. En época de lluvias, si le preguntaban
acerca de los sembradíos, Anselmo levantaba la mirada hacía las colinas detrás
del techo de paja de la escuela y señalaba en silencio uno por uno todos los
campos hasta que completaba el círculo.
Los sembradíos en Ias laderas eran verde sobre verde -- una docena de
tonos de verde en los geométrico campos de trigo y cebada. Cuando el viento los mecía, eran como el
oleaje suave de un lago. Anselmo no se
cansaba nunca de contemplar ese paisaje. Fue él quien primero propuso a los
demás campesinos comprar esas tierras.
Muchos se mostraban reticentes, inseguros de que lo podían hacer.
Anselmo les dijo: "Voy a averiguar."
El domingo siguiente despertó temprano y sacó su camisa blanca que tenia
guardada en el baúl de madera que reposaba contra la pared. Se vistió con cuidado y bebió su cafe en la
puerta. El aire era liviano y los Andes
estaban empolvados con la blanca escarcha que se había formado durante la
noche.
Anselmo terminó su café y le dio la taza a Cecilia. Salió afuera y vio que Mama Quilla, la luna,
estaba todavía alta, como una brizna clara de hielo de la madrugada, apretada
contra el cielo amaneciente. Mama
Quilla se colgó alto sobre las nubes que se acumulaban encima del Volcán
Aputambo. Anselmo se sintió contento de
tener la luna como compañera durante estas horas del día.
Caminando a la
carretera, cantó bajito:
El sol es mi padre,
La luna mi madre.
El sol es mi padre,
La luna mi madre.
Y las estrellitas
Son mis hermanitas.
Y las estrellitas
Son mis hermanitas.
Cecilia lo
siguió hasta la carretera, llevando su sombrero de fieltro y su poncho. Anselmo cogió el sombrero pero le dijo que
había decidido no Ilevar el poncho.
"No debes tener vergüenza de llevar un poncho."
"No tengo vergüenza", contestó. "Es mejor así. El
señor es dueño de un hotel."
Un bus se acercaba. Él le hizo
señas y gritó "iPlazablanca!" pero este no se detuvo. Un cuarto de hora más tarde apareció otro
bus y disminuyó la velocidad al acercarse.
Anselmo corrió y de un salto hizo pie en el primer escalón y cogió la
agarradera de metal. El bus tomó
nuevamente velocidad.
Se deslizó en el primer asiento junto a una ventana sin vidrio y se quedó
mirando las pendientes colinas castañas que pasaban rápidamente, con sus verdes
trozos cultivados, profundamente cortados por derrumbes y desbordes. Durante un largo trecho, la carretera iba
junto a los rieles, pero ese día no había ningún tren con quien competir, sólo
las delgadas y vacías cintas de plata que corrían hacia el valle sin fin. No había tren porque las fuertes lluvias que
trajo la corriente de El Niño habían silenciado las negras locomotoras, tal vez
para siempre, cuando las faldas de las montañas cayeron en los ríos. "La Nariz del Diablo", donde los
trenes bajaban zigzagueando hacia la costa, había sido torcida permanentemente
por la trompada de un niño.
Mientras el bus
pasaba de largo, Anselmo observó las aguas poco profundas del Yawarkucha. Este "Lago de Sangre" fue el sitio
de una matanza de indígenas por los incas hacia más de cinco siglos. Algún día, las plantas de totora que cada
vez se adentraban más en el lago, convertirían a éste en una giran llanura fértil. Se preguntó si las mismas familias
campesinas que lindaban con extensiones de plantas de totora para después
tejerlas en esteras, podrían algún día ser dueños de la tierra donde crecían
ahora las plantas. Seguramente que no,
pero sus tataranietos tendrían que tener largas vidas para conocer la
respuesta a esta pregunta. Vio tres
garzas blancas elevarse lentamente desde el agua y volar sobre la superficie
del lago siguiendo una corriente de viento.
Anselmo llegó a la casa del hacendado en la ciudad de Plazablanca y
golpeó la maciza puerta de madera tallada.
Mientras observaba Ios diseños de la puerta, se quitó el sombrero y lo
sostuvo adelante con ambas manos.
Abrió la puerta un joven vestido con traje deportivo azul y gris. "¿Qué quieres?"
"Quisiera hablar con don Néstor", respondió Anselmo.
El joven se volvió hacia el interior de la casa. "iPapá!"
gritó. “iUn indio quiere hablar con
usted!" Y se fue adentro.
Anselmo esperó. El sol hacía
brillar las blancas paredes de la casa.
Miró fijamente por el hueco oscuro que se extendía hacía el
interior. Cuando sus ojos se
acostumbraron, pudo distinguir grandes fuentes de plata sobre una mesa de
madera apoyada contra la pared, y más hacia el fondo, un televisor. Escuchó ruidos desde adentro y una música
suave que le recordó vagamente la misa en la catedral.
Anselmo cambió de postura. Sus viejos zapatos de cuero gimieron
suavemente. Se miró la camisa. Le faltaba un botón cerca a la cintura. ¿No estaban completos esta mañana cuando
dejó la casa? Sentía el sol que le
quemaba la nuca. Volvió a levantar la vista.
Don Néstor estaba delante de él.
"¿Sí, hijo?" le dijo: " ¿Qué quieres?"
Don Néstor era alto, de manos
largas con densos moños de vellos negros en los dedos entre cada nudillo. Llevaba una bata de terciopelo, del color de
la sangre de toro. Su cabello raleado
adelante le dejaba una amplia frente que ya alcanzaba la coronilla.
Anselmo lo miró directamente a la
cara. "Me Ilamo Anselmo
Chumbi. Vengo de la comunidad de
Runapac Libertad. Mi gente quiere saber
si usted nos vendería sus tierras."
Don Néstor lo miró de
soslayo. "¿Quién te dijo que
quiero vender mis tierras?"
"Nadie", respondió
Anselmo. "Necesitamos más terreno
para alimentar a nuestras familias.
Muchos de nosotros tenemos que pasar nueve meses al año trabajando en Ia
costa cargando plátanos o cortando caña. 0 tenemos que ir a trabajar en las
ciudades cargando ladrillos y cemento en las construcciones." Cambió de
pie de apoyo, pero siguió con la vista fija en el rostro de Don Néstor. "Nuestras mujeres e hijos se quedan
solos cuidando los campos. Si
tuviéramos más tierras, podríamos sembrar más y no tendríamos que dejar
nuestras casas para sobrevivir. Le
pagaremos lo que nos pida."
“¿Y cuándo me
darán el dinero?"
"Cada tres meses."
"¿En efectivo o en cheque?"
Anselmo hizo una pausa para carraspear.
"En efectivo,"
“¿Y cómo juntarán el dinero?"
"Con las cosechas y los jornales."
“¿Y qué pasa si no me pagan?"
"Le
pagaremos", Anselmo hizo un decidido gesto afirmativo, "pero usted se
quedaría con el título en caso de que no cumplamos con el acuerdo."
"La verdad
es que no sé nada de este asunto de tierras.
Mi padre era el que manejaba todo.
A lo mejor lo que me estás diciendo no es ni siquiera legal."
"Está
estipulado en el artículo 43, regla 2, literal a de la Ley de Reforma Agraria.”
Don Néstor levantó las cejas. “¿Conoces la Ley Agraria?"
"Toda la ley, señor."
“¿Fuiste a la escuela?"
"Cinco años -- hasta que cumplí mis doce años- caminando hasta El
Porvenir."
" Y ¿cómo conoces la Ley Agraria?”
"Una noche la leyeron en la radio del Obispo. Mi hermano tiene grabadora. Grabó todo el programa."
Don Néstor observó a Anselmo durante un largo rato. Entonces sonrió y le dijo: "Enviaré a
mi abogado el sábado para que hablen.
Espéralo en el camino."
"Muchas gracias su merced", le dijo Anselmo con una corta
venia. Se dio media vuelta y se puso
nuevamente el sombrero. Inmediatamente
sintió refrescada su cabeza.
Mientras cerraba la puerta, don Néstor pensó: "Estos indios pagan
sus deudas mejor que los mestizos. Y
prefiero tener dinero en vez de terreno."
La verdad era que Don Néstor quería deshacerse del problema de
tierras. Que los indios corran los
riesgos de las sequías y las heladas; de todos modos, se puede hacer más plata
comercializando los productos. Y que
los indios y los mestizos se encarguen de los interminables conflictos de la
propiedad agraria.
<<¿Tú eres Anselmo Chumbi? ... Sí.>>
(No habrá cargos. Ni defensa.)
Eso fue hace cinco años. Después
de interminable regateo, se cerró la compra Luego vinieron los pagos y la
ansiedad cuando se cumplía el plazo de las cuotas trimestrales. Tres cosechas de papas se quemaron por las
heladas. En una estación de sequía se
perdió el trigo y la cebada, y en otra, las incesantes lluvias dañaron los
sembradíos. Muchos de los hombres se
fueron a trabajar a la costa durante seis meses o más. Cuando regresaron, sus mujeres disgustadas
les tiraban la leña, por haber vendido toda la cosecha para pagar la parte que
les correspondía de la deuda y volver a sus casas con solo una libra de sal y
una botella de aguardiente. A muchos de
ellos sus mujeres les dijeron que volvieran no más a la costa para hallar, si
podían, a la misma mujer que les lavaba y les cocinaba allí.
Después de al fin pagar toda la deuda, la gente de Libertad reunió
fondos poco a poco para dar un adelanto y comprar un tractor. Los mestizos ricos podían tener sus autos
privados y los comerciantes sus camiones.
Pero una comunidad campesina podía comprar un tractor y así viajar más
alto que todos ellos.
El tractor de Libertad tenia grandes luces amarillas en la parte
delantera. Los campesinos hacían turnos
de veinticuatro horas para manejarlo arando las tierras de la comunidad. Cuando le tocaba el turno a Anselmo, se iba
al campo al amanecer con una botella de agua y una bolsa de plástico con papas
cocidas. Y araba hasta el amanecer del
día siguiente. Lo que más le gustaba
era manejar el tractor durante la noche, mirando hacia las estrellas durante
los trechos largos. En noches claras a
esa altura, el cielo estrellado parecía tener tanta luz como oscuridad, y
Anselmo contemplaba las constelaciones moviéndose lentamente a través de Ia
gran bóveda encima de él. Si Mama
Quilla aparecía y las nubes se iban, entonces los grandes volcanes nevados de
la cordillera brillaban con una luz azul que parecía venir de más allá, detrás
de ellos.
Pero de todos modos, el turno del arado le parecía eterno a Anselmo, y al
anochecer el ruido del motor lo ensordecía como dos enormes manos tapándole los
oídos. El polvo penetraba y cubría
todo su cuerpo y el olor del aceite quemado se le metía por la nariz. Cuando su turno finalmente terminaba, las
manos vibraban por horas y un dolor sordo y persistente en los hombros le
duraba días. Pero ya había cumplido, y
ahora tenía libre el resto del mes para atender su parcela donde tenía
plantados maíz, cebolla y quinua.
Anselmo trabajaba normalmente seis días a la semana en el campo y en las
clases de alfabetización en Rumipamba.
Los domingos frecuentemente iba al mercado de Tambo -- donde todavía
mucha gente usaba el trueque -- Ilevando un saco de papas o de habas, cuando
tenía sobrante, para vender o cambiar.
Hacía siglos que existía el mercado dominical de Tambo, siempre
cambiando y siempre el mismo. Allí
Anselmo se aprovisionaba de sal, azúcar, fideos y café, cada producto envuelto
en media hoja de papel periódico. Si
le sobraba dinero, se hacía cortar el pelo y compraba caramelos para sus
hijos. Algunas veces participaba en un
partido de fútbol en el patio de la escuela o se iba a mirar a los vendedores
que ofrecían cacerolas de aluminio, pañuelos y ropa de nailon traída del Norte.
Algunos domingos había que hacer en la casa; reparando el mango de un
machete, o las alpargatas hechas de Ilantas de sus hijos. En otras ocasiones, simplemente no tenía
deseos de ir a ninguna parte; pasaba el tiempo charlando con sus vecinos y
contemplando la montaña.
Un domingo por la mañana Anselmo le dijo a Amito, "Ven conmigo. Hay alguien con quien quiero hablar."
Amito saltó de la piedra donde estaba sentado junto al fuego y cogió su
sombrero. Anselmo ya estaba sacando su
bicicleta por la puerta.
“¿Dónde vas?" le preguntó Cecilia.
Allí abajo nomás. A la
chichería."
Cecilia se quedó mirando, con una mano en la mejilla, mientras Anselmo
montaba a Amito en el manubrio y comenzaba a pedalear despacio. La bicicleta se balanceó, forzándole a girar
de un lado a otro hasta que pudo tomar velocidad. Cuando entró en la carretera, un bus paso rugiendo y dando
bocinazos, girando apenas levemente hacia el centro del camino. Amito le hizo una señal de despedida a su
madre.
Montados los dos en la bicicleta recorrieron cerca de dos kilómetros en
dirección a Plazablanca. Ninguno
hablaba. Sentado en el manubrio, Amito
se sentía cómodo en medio del calor de los brazos y el pecho de su padre. Contemplaba las laderas resecas y los
eucaliptos, altos y encorvados, que bordeaban los campos.
A un lado de la carretera, un colibrí con larga cola de tijera hacía sus
rápidos vuelos laterales, de una flor de cactus a otra. "¡Quinde! ¡Quinde chupana!" Ie susurró su nombre en quichua y sonrió.
Las flores que salían de las hojas redondas de los cactus indicaban que
las tunas rojo-anaranjadas pronto estarían maduras. Amito volvería a recogerlas, armado de una horqueta. Con la horqueta frotaría las tunas en la
tierra para sacarles las pequeñas espinas y luego abrirlas con sus manos para
comer el jugoso y delicioso fruto.
Amito ya podía sentir el aliento de su padre sobre el ala de su sombrero
y sobre su nuca. La carretera estaba
casi desierta y el cielo sin una sola nube.
El volcán Aputambo -- sitio de descanso de los dioses -- brillaba
enfrente de ellos, con sus glaciares pintados de un leve tono de azul
frío. Los eucaliptos se inclinaban
suavemente con la brisa.
Anselmo hizo un viraje brusco esquivando un perro muerto en medio de la
carretera. La noche anterior, las
pesadas ruedas de un carro le habían pasado por encima, y sus patas estiradas y
tiesas apuntaban hacia el sol, como si empujaran el cielo. Amito cerró los ojos y en silencio se
reprendió a sí mismo por haber mirado tanto.
Cuando Ilegaron a la chichería, Anselmo estaba sudando copiosamente. Gotas de sudor resbalaban por su frente,
saliendo por debajo de la cinta del sombrero, y caían sobre sus pómulos. Oscuras manchas de humedad marcaban su
pecho y espalda, y separó la camisa del cuerpo mientras se encaminaba hacia el
local.
Se agachó para cruzar la pequeña puerta torcida. Cecilia siempre decía que él iba a ese lugar
a hablar, pero solamente con la boca de un tazón de chicha. Anselmo hizo un ademán de saludo al dueño y
a los otros hombres que se encontraban allí sentados en bancos junto a las paredes.
La chicha estaba buena ese día, hecha de maíz tierno. Bebió un tazón de golpe, con los ojos
cerrados. Estaba justo como debe ser,
en su punto de dulce y espesa. Para la
noche ya habría pasado su mejor estado.
Amito bebió una Coca Cola.
Anselmo pidió un segundo tazón.
Mientras tanto, en la casa, Cecilia daba de mamar a su guagua, cuando
escuchó la bocina de un auto. Salió a
la puerta y vio que se acercaba un Volkswagen rojo. El auto se detuvo con un chirrido. En él venían cuatro mestizos, todos bien vestidos. Uno de ellos, de lentes oscuros, bajó la
ventanilla.
“¿Esta es la casa de Anselmo Chumbi?" preguntó el hombre en español.
Cecilia asintió al oír el nombre de su marido.
"¿Está ahí? Dile que salga."
Sin entender todo lo que le estaban diciendo, Cecilia negó con la cabeza
mientras acomodaba al niño que mamaba de su pecho. Su hija Rosalía de cinco años, cargando a su espalda a su hermano
menor envuelto en una manta, se asomó detrás de la pollera negra de su madre.
"¿Dónde está ese Anselmo Chumbi?" insistió el hombre. "Es un asunto importante."
Cecilia miró fijamente al hombre
que hablaba. Podía verse reflejada en
sus lentes oscuros. Bajó la vista y
miró la cubierta roja del auto. Tenía
una brillante manija plateada en la nariz.
El auto parecía el catafalco de un corpulento obispo.
“iHabla!"
le ordenó el hombre.
La mirada de Cecilia saltó nuevamente a los lentes oscuros.
"Chaypi chicheriapi", dijo, señalando hacia un extremo del
valle con su mano libre. El auto
regresó a la carretera, acelerando después de subir al pavimento.
Anselmo y Amito vieron el Volkswagen rojo cuando llegó a gran velocidad y
se estacionó frente a la chichería. Los
dos habían dejado el local un cuarto de hora antes y estaban en camino a la
casa empujando la bicicleta. Anselmo no
estaba muy seguro de poder pedalear de regreso con los dos, ya que la carretera
iba ligeramente en ascenso.
Al cruzar el
pavimento, Amito escuchó el croar de las ranas que sin cesar cantaban entre el
pasto que crecía en la zanja de drenaje al borde de la carretera. El ruido de Ias ranas parecía el de pequeñas
piedras chocando unas contra otras en un riachuelo de montaña. Se echó boca abajo en el espeso pasto,
tratando de ver por lo menos una rana, pero no pudo. Anselmo se extendió junto a su hijo y los dos buscaron por un
momento.
"Papá", dijo Amito, "¿las ranitas van a la escuela para
aprender a cantar?"
“¡Claro!" respondió Anselmo.
"Y las ranas veteranas les enseñan también a leer y escribir:
ma-má... pa-pá... a-gua... re-forma agra-ria."
Ambos se echaron a reír, y poniéndose de pie se encaminaron hacia la
casa. Caminaron un rato, turnándose
para empujar la bicicleta por el borde de la carretera. Fue entonces que escucharon que el
Volkswagen se acercaba por detrás. El
auto los pasó y siguió avanzando por unos veinte metros hasta que se detuvo al
borde del camino. Dos hombres bajaron y
se encaminaron decididamente hacia ellos.
Ambos estaban vestidos con trajes de telas sintéticas. Estaban mirando a Anselmo. El hombre de los anteojos oscuros habló
bruscamente.
“¿Tú eres
Anselmo Chumbi?”
Anselmo miró de
una cara a la otra, "Sí."
Los dos hombres acercaron más y lo empujaron de espaldas al suelo.
Anselmo miró rápidamente a Amito.
"¡Huasiman!" le ordenó.
“¡A la casa!" Pero Amito
con la vista clavada en su padre, no hizo ningún intento de dejarlo.
Los hombres, inclinados sobre Anselmo, sacaron revólveres del interior de
sus chaquetas.
Anselmo desde el suelo miraba fijamente a los dos. Sus revólveres parecían dedos de plata apuntando
justo a su centro. El comenzó a mover
los labios en silencio.
"¡lndio de mierda!" balbuceó uno de los hombres, y ambos
comenzaron a disparar. Sus delgados
rostros cimbraban mientras las plateadas armas disparaban una y otra vez. Entonces pararon.
Anselmo sintió como si cuchillos de fuego lo clavaran a la tierra. El dolor avanzaba desde el estómago hacia
todos los confines de su cuerpo, y luego volvía.
La puerta del auto se cerró con un golpe, y el Volkswagen se alejó.
Anselmo tenía los ojos fijos en el cielo. Los tonos azules pulsaban
lentamente como las cenizas de un fogón al enfriarse. El cielo parecía más profundo que nunca. El rostro de Amito apareció sobre el suyo, y
las lágrimas del niño cayeron en sus ojos.
“iPapá!" dijo Amito, "Voy a buscar a Mamá."
Anselmo pudo
oír el sonido de las alpargatas de goma del muchacho golpeando el pavimento
mientras corría.
Echado de espaldas al costado de la carretera, Anselmo podía sentir el
calor del pavimento en sus piernas, sus hombros y bajo su cabeza. Los pies apuntaban al norte, hacia
Plazablanca, y la cabeza al sur, hacia Runapac Libertad. A su izquierda podía escuchar el croar de
las ranas. Sintió que no podía moverse.
Continuó mirando fijamente el cielo de la mañana. En lo alto, una garza blanca planeaba, sin
mover las alas, con las patas estiradas hacia atrás.
Las manos de Anselmo descansaban sobre el pecho, agarrando su
camisa. Las sentía húmedas y
calientes. El dolor en el estómago ya
estaba disminuyendo.
De pronto, el sol se puso y el cielo encima de él se tiñó de un rojo
intenso.
Un momento después ya era de noche.
No había estrellas.
Ni luna.
Y Ias ranas
quedaron en silencio.
* * * * *
CANCHU ANSELMO CHUMBI CANGUI?
... ARÍ!
RIMAYMANTA UPALLANAMAN
Cai parluca, causaipi cashna tucushcamanta rurashcami.
jucuchingapac mushuc larca
yacupi lluchulla chaquita pambarca.
Mana jahualla chiri yacuca, sampi myundicta pillusbpami
utcaman sampi aichataca acero
clavocunahuan jutcucuc shina
nanachirca. Chashna yacupi shayacushpaca papa
huachucunatami
rucurayarca; yacu larcamanta
jicharicucpimi azadonta japishpa
quimsa azadon junda allpata
larca shimipi churarca, ama
yangamanta jicharishpalla
larcata richun.
Jueves chishimi carca -- Gobiernopac yacuta ricuccunaca,
Anselmopac llactamanca Domingo
tutamanta camallami yacuhuan
allpata jucuchichunca
saquirca. Canchis semanatami mana
tamiarca, chaimantami tarpushca
llullurac yura pangacunapish
chaquirishpa urmacurca. Mana alli, pishillata pucushcamantami,
Anselmopish chai llactapi
causac runacunapish tarpunapac muyu
papacama micurcacuna.
Shina tucucpimi caricunaca, ashacamallapish jatun
villacunapi
llancanata mashcashpa
rircacuna; chaipica chaca ucucunallapi
puñushpa, llashac quipicunata
huihuacunashina aparishpa piñashca,
millashca, macashca, mana
pagasha nishca cuyaillata causanaman
rircacuna.
Anselmoca yacu larcamanta llucshishpa ñanman huichiyarca,
jahuamanta pucalla chishi inti
tarpushca juhuata callpacuc yacupi
achicnicucta ricungapac.
Anselmo Chumbica, Pumarunacunapac huahuai huahuami;
paicunami Incacunahuampish quihualla urcu pambacunapi macanacuccunacarca. Runapac Libertad llactapi causaccunamantaca,
paimi puntaca quillcanata, shutita churanatapish yacharca.
Sarun huatacunacamaca, Anselmolla rizanata yachac cashcamantami
ima periódicocuna, ima quillcashca pangacuna cacpipish paipac maquimanrac
chayachiccuna cashca, pai tucuicunapac ñaupacpi sinchita rizashpa
uyachichun. Cai shina ruraica quipacunatasca
caricuna asha quipa huiñai huarmicuna quillcanata rizanata yaschanani tucushpa
catishca, chaimantami taucacuna yachashpa yachashpa catishcacuna.
Chaica chunga huata ñaupami carca, Anselmoca cunanlla
sahuarishca manarac rucuchu carca; cunanca tutacunami rizanata quillcanata ña
yachachicurca gobierno churashca programa de Alfabetizacionpi, haciendacuna
chaupipi tiyac shuc uchilla llactapi.
Aputambo marcapica, chai haciendacunallami jatuncunaca
carca. Uchilla llacta runacunaca chai
haciendacunapimi punllanta ñaupa yayacunamanta pacha cunan punllacunacama
ashalla cullquipi llancashpa causarcacuna.
Chai alli sumac allpacunaca ñaupa pachacunaca cai runacu-napacllatacmi
carca, cunanca ashtahuampish paicunaca shitashca jatun urcu quinricunapimi
causanaman rishcacuna.
Tucui caricunami punllanta chai tullulla uri ñancunata
callpashpa pambayaccuna cashca, mishucunapac quihua pampacunapi, tarpuicunapi
llancangapac. Chai camaca huarmicunaca
huahuacunandic quiquin llactallapitacmi saquirircacuna, tapial huasi cuchupi
huacllilla tarpushcacunata ricushpa.
Cai shina causaitaca Anselmoca uchillarac cashpami
ricsirca, chaimantami chai llaqui causaitaca huashaman saquinata munashpa
causarca, haciendayuc charic mishucuna mana jahuallata cai runacunata
paicunapaclla allpapi llancashpa causachun nicucpipish, alli causaita munac
mama llactata pushaccunahuan, shinallatac runacunapac jatun tandarishcacunahuan
tucushpami asha, asha causaita allichishpa catircacuna, ashtahuanca
yachaicunapi, allpacunata pactata chaupina Reforma Agraria nishcapipish.
Pacarimanta, chishiyangacama comuna allpapi llancashca
huashami, Anselmoca Rumipamba ucunic chacacama antahuapi tiyarishpa rirca,
quipataca hacienda chaquitami pai yachachicun llactapi yachachinaman
rirca. Shuccutinmi jatun hacienda
chaquita ricuc larca yacu shimita Anselmoca ricurca, chaipimi shuc haciendata
ricuc mishuca paquiclla pantal6n churashca cullqui shina achicnicuc
chumbillinahuan chumbillishca, cuhilla antahuapi huancarishpa quihua pambapi
shayacushca carca.
Anselmoca mishupac cuchullata ricucpimi "Oye,
hijo" nishpa cayarca.
Ashata shayarishpa mana tucui muyurishpalla quinrilla
mishutaca ricurca.
"Un indio se quita el sombrero para saludar a un
patrón" nircami.
Anselmoca sinchita samaita aisashpami cashna cutichirca
"Mi padre me decía que antes eso era costumbre" shina nishpaca
ashahuan purishpa catircallami, intipish eucalipto yuracuna chaupita ña
huashicucucpi.
Rumipambamanca samai sapa pingai, pingai chayashapami
muchicuta llucshichishpa singa pichana pafiuhuan jumbita muchicu ucuta
pichashpa ñauitapish picharirca. Tigra
muchicuta churashpaca samaitapish alli aisashpami yachachinata callarinaman
rirca.
Rumilla pamba cacpimi Rumipamba niccuna carca; chai pambapimi
sarun huatacunaman yachanapac, shuc uchilla huasita adobehuan rurarcacuna,
huasi ucupish allpata tactashcallami carca.
Chaipimi Anselmoca caricunata, huarmicunatapish tandachishpa,
achicyachic michata japichishpa ishqui horascama pai imalla yachashcacunata
yachachirca.
“ma - má”
“pa - pa”
"Re - for -
ma A - gra - ria"
<<Canchu Anselmo Chumbi
cangui? .... Arí!>>
Anselmoca anchu ñahuitami charirca, nogal caspita
llambushca shinami carca, paipac ñahui lulunpish mana tucui huichcashca
cashpami paipac muyundicpi imalla tucucta chaparayarcalla. Casilla runami carca, asishpapish allimantallami
asic carca.
Anselmotaca tucui aillucunami cuyaccuna carca. Paipac rurana munaicunapish alli causanapac
yuyaicunallammi carca, huasi ucu aillucunapacpish, llactapi causaccunapacpish
alli causaita mashcana munaillami carca.
Politicocunahuan, misionerocunahuanpish mana tandanacushpa caru
carullami causarca.
Uchilla runa, anchu pecho cashpapish Anselmoca racu changacunata,
allpayashca sinchi maquicunatami charirca.
Huaquinpica chaquetatami churaric carca, mana lluchulla chaqui purishpa
ushutata churarayashcami purirca. Ima
shina churarishca cashpapish fiutcucamami runa carca.
Jatun tandanacuicunata, mingacunata cushichingapacca
paimi Libertad llactapi causac quipa huiñaicuna, ñaupa huiñaicunatapish taquishpa
uyachichun mañashpa callaric.
Runacunapac llactacunaca, mingacunapi tucuilla
tandanacushpa rurashpami, sinchi llancaicunatapish pactachinata yuyarca.
Paipac pani causan Tamburcu llactapimi chunga ishqui
kilómetro (12 km) ñanta, cari, huarmi, huambracuna tandanacushpa
mingacunallahuan rurarcacuna. San
Franciscopi
causasccunapish chashna
tandanacushpallatacmi chuscu patsac metrocunata urcu ucuta jutcushpa allpata
jucuchungapac yacuta pasachircacuna; allpayuc amu yacu rinata pitishcamantami
chashna tandanacushpa llancarcacuna.
Chai huataca quimsa runacunami jutcu ruraipica huañurcacuna. Jutcuta tucui rurashca catimi,Gobiernopac
Ingeniero shamushpaca chai jutcu ruranataca, paicuna alli yachac cashpapish
mana rural tucunchicmanchu carca nishpa, jutcu ucuta ricuc yacupi maquita
satirca.
Anselmo causan Runapac Libertad llactapica mingacunahuan
pucuchishca cullquihuanmi causal tucunapac allpata randircacuna.
Chashna shina tandanacushpa imatapish rurana cashcataca,
Españolcuna manarac shamucpi, Incacunapish manarac shamui pachamanta
tiyashcatami Anselmoca yacharca; ashtahuancarin llactapi runacunaca huasi ucu
aillucunahuan, llactapi causac aillucunahuan quichua rimaitaca rimanacushpa
causana cashcatami yuyarca; castellano rimaica Villaman rishpa mishucunahuan
rimanapaclla cashcatami yuyarca. Rucu
yayacuna quihuacunahuan jambishpa alliyachinapimi paica curirca; shinallatac
quindicunapish huaquinpica runacunahuan parlanacuc cashcapi, condorcunapish,
cuitsacuna jahua verde pambacunapi michicucpi puric cashcapimi curirca. Cai curishcacunataca paipac shungullapimi
huaquichic carca chashna alli cana yuyachicpi.
Cai runapac yuyashcacunataca mana tucuicuna cazuncunachu,
runacunallatacpish mana cazuncunachu.
Anselmoca pai uchillarac cashpa yachana huasiman purishcatami
yuyarirca: Allpayuc amucuna, paipac llactapi runacuna yachana huasita
huiñachichun mana saquishcamantami chuscu kilómetrota chaquillahuan purishpa
shuctac llactapi yachanaman rina carca.
Plaza Blancamanta shamushca yachachic mishu huarmica
punllantami tutamantapi huambracunataca yachana huasicanllapi huashanpi
shayachishpa "cai rimashcata sinchita caparishpa catichic" nirca.
"Me lavaré la cara y las manos todos los días antes
de venir a la escuela".
"ME LAVARÉ LA CARA Y LAS MANOS TODOS LOS DÍAS ANTES
DE VENIR A LA ESCUELA”.
"No pelearé con mis compañeros”.
"NO PELEARÉ CON MIS COMPAÑEROS".
"No hablaré en quichua".
"NO HABLARÉ EN QUICHUA”.
Yachacuc huahuacunapac yaya mama tandanacushpami mana
tamia quillacunaca, yachana huasita ashahuan mirachingapac, mingata ruraccuna
carca. Anselmoca paipac mashi
huambracunandic yuyarinacushpami chaquishca rumicunataca chainic pambamanta
cari huarmi huambracuna tucushpa yacu larcata chimpashpa rumi jahuacunapi
sasarushpa aparicurcacuna; chaipimi yachachic huarmita huasi ucumanta
llucshishpa, huarmi huambracuna caricuhuan pactata allpahuan ujshahuan rurashca
rumicunata aparicucta ricushpaca, "huarmicunaca mana llashaccunata
aparinachu, caitaca yuyaipi charinguichic" nishpa jarcarca.
Anselmoca yachachic huarmi yachachishcataca achcatami
yacharca, quipataca maijan yachashcacu; naca panda cashcatamiricurca;
chaimantami panda yachashcacunataca cungarinata munarca.
Anselmoca paipac huarmi Ceciliahuanca sucta
huahuacunatami charirca, chaimantaca shucmi huafiurca, cutinmi shuchuan chichu
carca. Anselmopac ishqui huatahuanmi
quipa carca, shina cashpapish Ceciliaca ñaupa huiñai shinami ricurirca. Runapac Libertad llactapi causac tucui
huarmicuna shinallatacmi fiaupa churarinacunata churashpa Ceciliaca causarca:
maquihuan rurashca yana anacutami pichunchirca, algodonta ahuashca blusapish
sisacunata rurashpa ahuashcata cburashcamicarca, suni acchata huatarishcsapish
yana cintahuan sirashca muchicu ucumantami huarcuricurca. Rumilla, tullulla urcucunapi lluchulla
chaqui purishpa causacpimi, shinchiyashpa chaquipish chictarishca carca.
Runapac Libertadpi causac tucui huarmicuna shinallatacmi
Ceciliaca quichua shimillata rimanata yacharca; yachana huasiman puric quipa
huiñai huarmicunallami ishqui shimitaca rimanata yacharcacuna.
Ceciliaca chichu huarmicunata huachanapi yanapashpami
puric carca. Paipac tiyami manarac
huañushpa caitaca yachachishpa saquicpi, chai llacta huarmicunapish yanapachun
nishpa paita mashcaccuna carca.
Huachanapi sinchita nanachicucpica rimashpa, parlashpami nanaita
uriyachirca; nanaicuna ashata chigaricpica quihua yacucunata ubiachishpa,
huicsata, siqui tulluta cacushpa huachangacama yanapac carca.
Runa llacta huarmicunaca caricunata yalli sinchicunami,
shinallatac llullu shinapishmi.
Ceciliaca, shuctaccunapac llaquicunandic pailla apashca
shinami huacllirishca carca, muyundic urcucuna shinami larca larca paipac
ñahuica pichayashca carca, maquicunapish tulluhuan carallahuanmi carca. Manarac sahuarishca cashpaca, randinaman rishpapish
muchicupi sisacuna aparishcami ric carca, cunanca ima sisata mana apanchu.
Punta churitaca yayapac shutipimi shutichircacuna,
huahuata achcata cuyashpami Anselmito niccuna carca, mana cashpaca Amito
niccunapishmi. Amitoca chunga huatata
charishpaca yaya uchilla cashcaman ricchacmi carca, pai shinallatac anchu
ñahui, mana manchashpa imata mana pingashpamli ricunatapish yachac carca,
aichapish yayapac shinallatac, shayashpapish sinchita shayac huambrami
carca. Randinaman ricpi, tuta
yachachinaman ricpipish yayamantaca mana saquirishpalla ishquimi puric
carca. Yayapac cuchupi upalla
shayacucta ricushpaca, aillucunapish cushiyariccunami carca.
Uchilla ponchota churashca, yayapac muchicu shinata
churashcami tucuita ricushpa, tucuita uyashpa shayacuclla carca.
Anselmo, llancaicunata tucuchishca quipa, volibolta
pugllactami Amitoca ricunata munarca.
Anselmoca chaishuc mashicunahuan, paipac huasi chimbapura, ñancuchulla
yachana huasi canllapimi tandanacuccuna carca, chaipimi paicunapac yachashca
pugllaita pugllaccuna carca, pelotata maquihuan jahuata shitashpa, chaquihuan
jaitashpa, saltashpa, huactashpa, singuchishpa, shaicushca cashpapish
cushiyariccuna carca; chai pugllaipacca pugllachicpish, ima jarcacpish mana
tiyarcachu. Ishqui eucalipto caspipi
huascahuan huatashca jahuatami pelotataca caiman chaiman shitashpa
pugllarcacuna.
Maquicunahuan, codocunahuan, chaquicunahuan, sampicunahuan,
umacunahuan, pechocunahuanpishmi pugllaccunacarca. Urata janactami callparcacuna, paicunapura sagmarinacushpa,
sampicuna huactarinacushpa, allacmanpish, urisingamanpish singushpami
pugllaccuna carca. Mama cuchamanta
quimsa huaranga metro jahuanmanmi cai shina causaica carca, huaquinllapimi
puntocunatapish yupaccuna carca, mana ima raicuchu paicunaca pugllarca,
pugllangapacca mana ima ministiricchu, cushilla shunga cana, pugllana munaita
charina, chaillatatami shuyaccuna carca.
Pugllashpaca mana piñanacuccunachu, tucuicunami cushilla
caparinacushpa, asinacushpa pugllaccuna carca.
Cai pugllacui pachallami paicunapac llaquicunataca cungarircacuna.
Pugllaicuna tucurishca catimi huaquinpica shuctac llactacunapi
tandanacuicuna tiyashcata yachac chayashpa chai llacta tandanacuicunaman ric
carca.
Tandanacuicunaman chayashpaca huashaman tiyarishpa, huaquinllapimi
rimac carca; Maimanta cashca, pi cashca, ima shuti cashcallatami huillac
carca. Runapac Libertad llactaca
caishuc llactahuan tandanacushpa yanapanacuna cashcata ricuchingapacmi caipi
cani nicmi carca. Caishuc llactacunapi
causac runacunaca, runapac libertad llacta allpacunata randishpa tucui
pagashcatami yaschashcacuna carca.
Tandanacui tucurishca quipaca chai llactata
pushaccunahuanmi parlanacungapac chishi cama, tuta imacama saquiric
carca. Chaipica parlacmi carca
Bancocunapi ima shina cullquita mañanamanta, huihuacunapac unguicunamanta,
Pumahuasi llactapi ima shina tandata ruraccuna cashcamanta, cullquita ima shina
yupashpa catinamanta, shinallatac Reforma Agraria cushca allpacunata quichusha
nicushca jahuamantapish. Runacunata
llaquichishun nishcataca, maijancunaca flami yachashcacuna carca. Anselmo Chumbitapishmi llaquichishun nishca
carca.
Anselmoca cashnami nirca "ñuca llactaca huaranga
huatami charin, huiñai huiñaipimi, shuc pushacta huañuchishpipish shuc
tandanacuitaca mana huañuchi tucungachu, tucuicunami huauquicunayuc
aillucunayuc canchic" chashna nishpaca asirishpami ashtahuan rimarishpa
catircalla, "ñucanchic mama llactaca casi caipimi causan, camachiccunapish
(leyes) tiyanmi, runacunapish, llactapi causaccunapish derechocunata charinchicmi,
manarac shuctac llactacuna shinachu".
Tauca chaipi caccunaca, arí shinami canga
nircacunami. Chai huashaca Anselmoca
achiclla quilla tutami pailla huasiman tigrarca.
<<Canchu Anselmo Chumbi
cangui? ... Arí!>>
(Eso será todo lo que habrá de su juicio.)
Runapac Libertad llactata vivitaccuna chayacpica,
Anselmomi, panamericana jatun ñan cuchupi tiyac allpalla canllapi
chasquinata yacharca.
Tamia pachapi tarpushcacuna ima shina cashcata tapucpica,
Anselmoca yachana ujsha huasi huashapi shayarishpami ñahuillahuan chimba
urcucunata muyundicta ricuchirca.
Quinricunapi tarpushcacunapish sumac verdillami carca
trigopish, cebadapish tucui laya verdemi carca; huaira cuyuchicpica cucha yacu
cuyuc shinami allimantalla tarpushca pambacunaca, cuyurirca; chaimantami
Anselmoca chai allpacunata randinataca yuyarishpa caishuccunaman yuyaita curca.
Chaipica taucacunami
mancharircacuna, mana randi tucushunchu nishpa yuyarcacunapish.
Chaita ricushpaca, Anselmoca paillatacmi allpayuc amuta
tapunaman risha nirca.
Catic Domingotaca utca jatarishpami, cajapi huaquichishca
tiyacuc yurac camisata churarirca.
Pungullapi shayashpami mishqui yacuta mashcahuan ubiarca. Chai tutamantaca huairapish mana sinchita
pucucurcachu, chimba urcucunapish chai tuta cazacpi yuracllami carca.
Mishqui yacuta tucui ubiashpaca, pilchita Ceciliaman cushpami
canllaman llucshirca. Mama quillaca
chai pacarica jahuamanrac yuraclla razu shina tiyacuctami ricurca. Aputambo ahuila urcu jahua puyupi
huarcushca shinami mama quillapish lamiaricurca; Anselmoca, mama quilla
paihuan compañac shina pacarishcamantami achcata cushiyarirca.
Ñanman uriyashpaca allillami cashna taquirca:
Intimi
ñuka yaya,
killami
ñuka mama;
Intimi
ñuka yaya,
killami
ñuka mama.
Kuyllurkunapash,
ñuka
panikukunami;
Kuyllurkunapash,
ñuka
panikukunami.
Ceciliaca ponchota, muchicuta apashpami jatun flancama
catirca. Anselmoca ponchotaca mana
apashachu nishpa, muchicullatami japishpa churarca.
"Punchuta churanataca mana pinganachu cangui" nisbpami
Ceciliaca rimarca. "Mana
pinganichu" nishpami Anselmoca cutichirca. "Chai allpayuc amuhuan rimanapacca cashnallami alli
cani" nircami.
Antahua cuchuyamucucpica "Plaza Blancaman
apai!" nishpami maquihuan jarcashpa caparirca, shinacpipishmana
shayarishpalla antahuaca rircallami.
Unaita shayacucpimi shuctac antahua allimantalla shayarishpa caticpi,
Anselmoca callpashpa pungupi japirishpa antahuamanca huichiyarca. Antahuaca Anselmota apashpa callparcallami.
Espejo illac ventana cuchu callari tiyarinapi
tiyarishpami chimba quinripi, tarpushcacunapish verdilla, urcucunapish tallirishca,
pitishca shina saquirishpa caticta ricuihuan rirca. Antahuaca mirgatami maquina purina (tren) rieles nishca cuchuta
rirca. Chai punliaca maquinapish mana
tiyarcachu, Chaimantami antahuaca imahuan mana mishanacui tucushpa
rircalla. Corriente del niño nishca,
apamushca tamia yacucunami larcacunapi jundashpa, urcucunata tallishpa,
ñancunata pitishpa maquinataca chingachirca.
Maquinacuna caiman chaiman quingushpa, yunga llactaman uriyana ñan
"Supaipac Singa" (Naríz del Diablo) nishca urcupish tucuimi jatun
yacuman tallirishca carca.
Anselmoca antahua purishpa caticpica, uratajanacta
ricuihuanmi rirca; Yahuar cuchata ricushpami yuyarirca, pichca patsac huata
ñaupami (500 años) chai llacta runacunata Incacuna llaquita huañuchicpi yacu
yahuarhuan tinirishcata, shinallatac totoracuna huiñashcata ricushpapish,
tapurirca "Ima pachaca cai pambacuna, yacu chaquishpa caticpica sumac
tarpuna allpami tucunga. Totorata ahuac
totorayuc runacunaca painallatacchu japinga imashi" nishpapish
nirirca. Cunan pacha causac runacuna
mana chaita ricucpipish, caya mincha huahuai huahuacunami ricungacuna. Chashna yurarishpa ricushpaca, quimsa
yuraclla sampisapa angacuna jatarishpa yacu jahuata huairahuan pactata rictami
ricurca.
Anselmoca, Plaza Blancaman chayashpaca, haciendayuc
amopacmanmi rirca. Jatun caspita
sumacta rurashca pungupimi huactarca.
Chai sumac punguta ricuihuan ricuihuanmi muchicuta llucshichishpa ishqui
maquihuan ñaupacman marcashpami shayarca amu llucshingacama.
Shuc quipa huiñai, pugllangapac churana churarishcami punguta
pascashpaca "¡¿Qué quieres!?" nirca.
"Quisiera hablar con don Nestor," nishpami
Anselmoca cutichirca.
Chai quipa huiñaica, ucuman cutin yaicushpaca
"¡Papá!, un indio quiere hablar con Usted!" nishpami caparirca.
Anselmoca shayacurcallami. Intipish ña jahuata shamushpami chai huasipac yurac pata
quinrita achicnichirca. Shuc uchilla
amsa jutcumantami Anselmoca, huasi ucupi tiyacucta ricurca; shuc cullqui shina
achiclla platocuna mesa jahuapi tiyacucta, ashahuan ucumanca shuc jatun
televisión pata cuchupi tiyacuctami ricarca Ucuman sumacta taquishcatapishmi
uyarca, chaita uyashpaca catedral misapi cashcatami yuyarirca.
Mauca cara ushuta guirriarictami alli alli shayarirca,
churarishca yurac camisata allichiricushpami chumbillina cuchumanta shuc botón
illashcatapish ricurca. Huasimanta
shamunapacca, tucuichu botóncunaca tiyacurca imashi.
Urilla ricushpa shayacucpica, intipish cugutita
rupachicurcami; Anselmo huichilla ricunapacca Don Nestorca flami ñaupacpi
shayacushca carca.
"¿Sí, hijo?
¿Qué quieres?" nircami Don Nestorca.
Chay mishuca jatunmi carca, maquicunapish suni, yanalla
millma sapa dedocunatami charirca.
Huagra yahuarcolor batashinata churarishcami carca. Umapipish pishilla acchayucmi carca, corona
cama lluchulla frentimi carca.
Anselmoca chimbapura ñahuita ricushpa, "Me llamo
Anselmo Chumbi. Vengo de la comunidad
Runapac Libertad. Mi gente quiere saber
si Usted, nos vendería sus tierras".
Don Nestorca urilla ricushpaca "¿Quién te dijo que quiero vender
mis tierras?" nishpami tapurca.
Shina nicpica Anselmoca, "Nadie", nishpami
cutichirca. "Ashahuanmi
allpacunataca minishtinchic,ñucanchic aillucunaman carai tucungapac. Taucacunami yunga llactacunapi iscun
quillacunallatapish frutacunata aparishpa, huirucunata pitishpa mana cashpaca
jatun villacunapi huasichi cunapi ladrillocunata, cementocunata aparishpa,
mercadocunapi jatun quipicunata aparishpa causanaman rina
tucushcanchic". Alli chaishuc
chaqui.huan buancarishpa shayarishpami, Don Nestorta ricurayashpaca rimashpa
catircalla, “Ñucanchic huarmicunapish, huahuacunapish paicunallami llaquita
chai pichi allpacunata ricushpa saquirincuna.
Ashahuan achca allpata charishpaca manachari llactata, huasita,
huarmita, huahuacunata, aillucunata saquishpa caru llactacunaman
rinchicman. Catupailla quiquin
mañashcatami pagapashun!" nishpami castilla rimaipi Don Nestortaca
rugarirca.
"Y ¿cómo me pagarán?" nircami Don Nestorca.
"Cada tres meses," nishpami Anselmoca
cutichirca.
"¿En efectivo o en cheque?" Tapurca Don
Nestor. Anselmoca cunga ucullapi
ujungacamami mana rimarca.
"En efectivo," nircami quipataca.
"Y ¿cómo juntarán el dinero?"
"Con las cosechas y jornales".
"Y ¿qué pasa si no me pagan?" nishpami Don
Nestorca Anselmotaca tapurca.
"Pagaremos," nishpami Anselmoca pactachina
cashcata ricuchishpa ñahuita cuyuchirca.
"Ñucanchic arí nishcata mana pactachishpa, mana pagacpica,
quiquinllatac escriturataca japishpa saquiringuillami" nircami Anselmoca.
Chashna nicta Don Nestor Uyashpaca, "Mana
llullanichu, allpacuna jahuaca mana imata yachanichu, ñuca yayami caicunataca
ricuc carca. Can nishcaca manapishcharí
leypi nishca shina," nishpami Don Nestorca Anselmotaca nirca.
"Está estipulado en el artículo 43, regla 2, literal
a - de la Ley de Reforma Agraría," nishpami Anselmoca cutichirca.
Don Nestorca mancharíshpami ñahuita alli pascashpa “¿Conoces
la Ley de Reforma Agraría?" nirca.
"Toda la Ley" nishpami cutichirca Anselmoca.
"¿Fuiste a la escuela?"
"Cinco años, hasta que cumplí doce años - caminando
hasta el Porvenir, nircami Anselmoca.
"Y ¿cómo conoces la Ley Agraría?"
"Una noche la leyeron en la radio del Obispo. Mi hermano tiene grabadora, grabó todo el
programa," nishpami imashina yachashcataca huillarca.
Don Nestorca, mirgacamami Anselmotaca ricurayashpa saquirirca,
chai huashaca asiclla tucushpami nirca
"Enviaré a mi abogado para que hablen, espéralo en
el camino".
"Muchas gracias su merced," nishpaca, ashata
umata cumurichishpamuyurishcachuan rircallami.
Muchicuta churacpica umapish chiriyarírcami.
Don Nestorca, punguta huichcacushpaca, shungullapi
yuyarírca, "Estos indios pagan sus deudas mejor que los mestizos. Y prefiero tener dinero en vez de
terreno". Paica mana ashtahuan allpapi
llaquicunata charínata munarcachu, chaimantami "Runacuna imapish
tucuchun," nirca. Mana tamiaita,
cazata, rundutapish paicuna apachun yuyarca "Runacunahuan, mishucunahuan,
allpata charíshun nishpaca paicunatac llaquic unata apashpa causachun, ñucaca
paicuna cushca cullquihuanca imatapish randishpa, catushpa ashahuan mirachishpa
alli causashallami," yuyarcami.
<<Canchu Anselmo Chumbi
cangui? ... Arí!>>
(No habrán cargos. Ni
defensa.)
Anselmo, Don Nestorhuan chashna parlanacushcaca ñami
pichca huatacuna tucurca. Tauca
huatacunata catuchuan randiccunahuan rimanacushpa, chimbapuranacushpallami
chai allpacunataca randinapi saquirircacuna.
Quimsa quilla pactacpica, cullquita Don Nestormanca ñami pagana
chayarca.
Ashtahuampish, tarpushcacunaca quimsa cutin tarpui camami
papatapish caza japishpa chaquichirca.
Shinallatac mana tamiacpipish, trigo, cebada chagracunapish tucuimi chaquirishpa
chingarirca. Cutin, yalli tamiashpapish
tucui tarpushcacunatami yacu pambashpa, apashpapish tucuchirca.
Tauca caricunami yunga llactacunapi llancanaman sucta
quilla yalli cunata rircacuna.
Allpayucman debita pagangapacca, pucushca granucunatapish Plaza Blancapi
tucui catushpa, asha cachihuan shuc botella tragohuan apashpa huasiman tigracpimi,
huarmita yanunapacpish mana ima tiyashcamanta piñarishpa yantahuan shitarca.
Maijan huarmicunacarin, cusacunataca, "Cancuna
llancana yunga llactaman tigrashpa, cancunaman yanushpa carac, tacshashpa cuc
huarmicunata japigrichiglla nishpami rimarcacuna".
Chai shina causashpapish allpamantaca tucuimi
pagarcacuna. Chai quipami Runapac
Libertadpi causac runacunaca, asha asha cullquita tandachishpa shuc yapuc
tractorta randingapac ñahui cullquita shitarcacuna.
Charic mishucunaca sumac antahuacunatami charincuna,
catushpa, randishpa causaccunapish jatun antahuacunatami charincuna. Runa llactacunaca yapuc tractortami
randitucuncuna, chaipi mishucunata yalli, jahuaman puringapac.
Libertad runacunapac randishca tractorca, jatunmi carca,
tutacuna yapunapacpish ishqui jatun achicyachictami ñaupacman charirca. Chai llacta runacunaca cumunidadpac
allpacunataca, shuccunaca tuta shuctaccunaca punllami yapuna tucurca. Anselmopac yapuna tucucpica, botella yacuta
papa uchundic muchilapi cucayashpami yapushpa pacarinaman rirca. Tutacunaca, lucerocunata ricuihuan ricuihuan
yapunatami Anselmoca yallitac munarca.
Shinallatac achca tandanacushca lucerocuna puyu shina jahuapi
allimantalla cuyurictapishmi ricunata munarca.
Puyucuna chingarishpa mama quilla ricuricpica, chimba
razu urcucuna, ahuila urcucuna siquitapish achicllami ricurishpa catirca. Shina cacpipish chai yapuica Anselmopacca
manatac utca tucuric shinami ricurirca.
Tractorpac bullahuan rinrincunapish, maquihuan tapashca shinami mana
imata uyarca. Ñutu allpapish huairahuan
jatarishpaca tucui cuerpopimi japirirca; aceite rupashca ashnaipish singa
ucutami yaicurca. Shinapish Anselmoca,
pai yapuna cashcatasca tucuimi yapurca.
Chai yapui tucuricpica, maquicunapish shaicuihuan unaicamami
chucchurca, rigracunatapish tauca punllacunatami nanachirca. Cunanca Anselmoca, paipac sara, cebolla,
quinua tarpushca allpacunallapimi llancashpa quillayana carca.
Anselmoca, paipac allpapipish, Rumipamba llactapi
tutacuna yachachinapipish sucta punllallatami semanapica llancaccarca. Domingocunaca Tambo mercadomanmi ric carca,
puchushca patata, habasta apashpa shuctac granucunahuan trucangapac; mana
cashpaca catungapac.
Ñaupa huatacunamantami Tambopica catuna, randina, trucana
mercadoca tiyarca. Chaimpimi Anselmoca
cachita, huirata, mishquita, fideota, cafetapish randishpa periódico papelpi
pilluchishpa huasiman apaccarca; cullqui puchucpica uma acchata rutuchishpa,
mishqui muyucunatapish huahuacunapac randishpami tigrac carca. Huaquinpica, yachana huasi canllapi
chaquihuan jaitashpa pugllanapimi saquiric carca. Mana cashpaca manga catuccuna, churama catuccuna, caru
llactamanta apamushpa shuctac catuccunatapish ricushpami puric carca.
Maijan Domingocunaca, huasillapitacmi hoces cabocunata,
azadon cabocunata, huahuacunapac ushutacunata allichishpa cainac carca. Huaquin Domingocunaca maiman rinatapish, ima
ruranatapish quillanachishpami paipac huasi cuchupi causaccunahuan
parlanacushpa, chagracunapi sumac tarpushcacunata ricushpami cainac carca.
Shuc Domingo tutamantami Anselmoca, paipac churi
Amitotaca "Huambra, jacu ñucahuan, parlacunaman ricuni," nishpa
cayarca. Amitoca tullpa cuchu rumi
jahuapi tiyacushcamantami callpashpa jatarishpa muchicuta japishpa churarirca. Chai camaca, Anselmoca ñami bicicletata
punguta llucshicincushca carca.
"Maimantac ricungui," nishpami Ceciliaca
tapurca.
"Urallaman, asuaman," nishpami Anselmoca
cutichirca.
Ceciliaca llaquillatami ricushpa saquirirca, Anselmoca
Amitota bicicletapi tiyachishpami allimantalla purichi callarirca. Bicicletaca
caiman chaiman quihuirishpami jatun ñanman llucshishpa callpai callarirca. Amitoca tigralla ricushpami, mamataca
maquillahuan ashtacama nirca.
Jatun ñanta ishquindic bicicletapi tiyarishpa ricucpica,
antahuacunapish huacarishpa uriman huichiman yallircacuna. Chashnami Plaza Blancaman rina ñantaca
ishqui kilómetrota, maijanpish mana imata parlashpalla rircacuna. Amitoca, yayapac rigracuna chaupipi,
cunuclla pecho ñaupacman cushiyarishpami rirca.
Ñan cuchu chaquishca quinricunapi, jatun curcuyashca
yuracuna tiyacta ricuihuan ricuihuanmi rircacuna. Ñan shimipi tiyac, mishqui casha sisacunapi shuc suni chupayuc
quindi, caiman chaiman puricucta ricushpami, "quindi, quindi," nishpa
asinacurca. Chai casha muyucunaca ña
pucumushpami quilluyacurca maijancunaca pucayacurcapishmi. Amitoca parca caspihuan japinaman
tigrangachari; pambapi subashpa ñutu cashata anchuchishpaca, yacusapa mishqui
muyutaca carata anchuchishpa sumactachari micunga.
Paicuna ricushca jatun ñanca, shitashca shinami carca,
jahuamanpish puyupish lllarcami, Aputambo ahuila urcupish paicunapac
chimbapurapi razucunahuan achicnicurcami apunchiccuna samarina urcumi.
Eucalipto yuracunapish chiri huairahuanmi allimantalla
quihuiricurca. Anselmoca allcu
huañushca jahuata mana ringapacmi sinchita muyuchishpa bicicletahuanca
cuchullata rirca. Chai tutami allcutaca
shuc antahua huafiuchishca carca.
Huañushca allcuca allacmanmi chaquicunapish parcalia, intita ricushpa,
juahua pachata jaitacuc shina siricurca.
Amitoca ñahuita huichcashpami, "imapactac ricuni ari" nishpa
shungullapi rimarirca.
Asua catu buasimanca, jumbipish shutucucmi Anselmoca
chayarca. Muchicu ucumantapish yacu
shinami ñahui patata, singa urita junbica shutucurca. Camisapish huashandic, ñaupandic junbihuan jucushcami carca.
Asua catu huasimanca, cumurishpalla uchilla huishtu
punguta yaicushpami, huasiyucta chaipi ubiacuc runacunatapish umallahuan
shamupashun nirca. Asuata ubiaihuanmi
parlanacunaman rinata yachan nishpami, Ceciliaca nic carca.
Chai punllaca, asuaca allimi cashca carca.
Llullurac, sangulla, mishqui sara asua cacpimi, Anselmoca
shuc pilchi jundata ishqui ñahuita huichcashpa tucui ubiarca. Cayandicpacca chaiasuaca pucushpa jayac
tucuna cacpimi shuctac pilchihuan mafiashpa ubiarca. Amitomanca coca colatami ubiachun randishpa curca.
Ceciliaca huasipi huahuata chuchuchicushpami, ñapish shuc
antahua hacashcata uyarca. Pungaman
llucshishpa ricucpica, shuc uchilla puca antahuami cuchuyacushca carca. Antahua shayaricpica, alli churana
churarishca chuscu mishucunami chai ucupica ricurica.
Shuc mishumi amsalia anteojos churashca, ventanata
urichishpaca, "¿Esta es la casa de Anselmo Chumbi?" nishpa tapurca.
Ceciliaca cusapac shutita tapucta uyashpaca,
mancharircami. "¿Está allí? Dile que salga."
Nicpica Ceciliaca ima nishcata mana alli entendishpami,
huahuata alli marcashpa chuchuchihuan, umallahuan mana nirca. Pichca huatata charic Rosalía huambrapish,
paipac cati huahuata llachapahuan pilluchishpa aparishcami mamapac anacu huashamanta
ricurirca.
"¿Dónde está Anselmo Chumbi?" nishpami mishuca
cutin tapurca. "Es un asunto
importante," nircami.
Ceciliaca rimacuc mishuta alli ricurayacushpami, umata
cumurichishpa antahuatapish ricurca.
Antahua singapica cullqui shina achicnicucmi tiyarca.
"¡Habla!" nishpami mishuca sinchita
rimarca. Ceciliaca cutin mancharishpami
mishupac ñahuita ricurayarca.
"Chaipi, chichiriapi," nishpami maquihuan
chimba pambata ricuchirca.
Sbinanicpica, mishucunaca antahuata jatun ñanman llucshichishpami
callpashpa rircacuna.
Anselmoca Amitondic, ñami asua catuna huasimanta llucshishpa
paipac huasiman tigracurca. Puca
antahua mana jahuallata callpashpa asua catu huasi pungupi shayarictaca
chimbamantami ricurcacuna. Anselmoca,
huichi ñan cacpimi bicicletaca tangashpalla ricurca. Jatun ñan cuchupi, quibua chaupipi uri singa
siririshpami jambatiucunataca mashcarca, shugllatapish ricusha yuyashpa. Anselmopishmi Amitota yanapashpa
mashcarca. Jambatiucuna huacashcacunaca,
urcumanta uriyacuc yacupi rumicuna huactaric shinami uyarirca.
"Yayitu, jambatiucunaca taquinata yachangapacca,
yachana huasiman rincunachu," nishpami Amitoca tapurca. Anselmoca arí nircami, yuyac
jambatiucunami: ma - má … pa - pá … a -
gua …re - for - ma a - gra – ria.”
Cunataca quillcanata, rizanatapish yachachincuna. Shinanishpaca ishquindicmi asinacuihuan
jatarishpa huasiman rircsallacuna, bicicletatapish mudarinacushpami tangashpa
aparcacuna. Chashna asinacui
ricushpami, ñapish huashata shucpuca antahua cuchuyamucucta ricurcacuna. Antahuaca cuchutami mirgacama ñaupashpa
rirca, ñan shimipi antahuata shayachishpami, yana anteojos churashca mishuca.
"¿Tú eres Anselmo Chumbi?" nishpa, piñata
rimarca.
Anselmoca caishuc chaishucpac ñahuita ricushpami
"Sí," nirca.
Ishqui mishuca ashahuan cuchuyashpami, Anselmotaca
huashamanta tangashpa pambaman shitarca.
Amitotaca callpashpa ricushpami Anselmoca "Huasiman
ri!" nirca. Amitoca yayata
mishucuna chashna macacucta ricucushpaca, mana saquishpa rinata
yuyarcachu. Mishucunaca Anselmopac
cuchupi shayarinacushpami chompa ucumanta cullqui shina achicnicuc
revolvercunata llucshichishpa, Anselmopac cuerpoman ricuchishpa charircacuna.
Anselmoca pambamanta ishqui mishucuna cuchupi shayacucta
ricushpami shimi ucullapi rimarirca.
"¡Indio de mierda!" nishpami ishquindicpac
tsala ñahuicuna chucchurishpa, Anselmota huañuchingapac cutin cutin
tuguiachishpa saquircacuna.
Anselmoca chashna tuguiachicpica, nina japichishca cuchillocuna
pambami pambacushca shinami tucurca.
Nanaicunaca, huicsamanta callarishpami tucui cuerpota tsiraparishpa pilluchirca.
Antahuataca talaglla punguta huichcashcahuan, callpachishpaca
caruyarcallacunami chai huañuchij mishucunaca.
Anselmoca allacman jahuata ricushpami siricurca. Azul puyucunapish, nina tucui huafiucucpi
allimantacuyuric shinami cuyuricurca; jahua pachapish shuctac punllacunamanta
yallimi carupi shina ricurirca.
Amitopac ñahuipish paipac ñahui cuchullapimi cashca carca; chai
huahuapac huiquipish Anselmopac ñahuipimi shuturca. "Yayitu imatac tucungui, mamata pushanamamni rini" nircami
Amitoca.
Shina nishpa, pavimento ñanta jivi ashutahuan callpashpa
ricllatami Anselmoca uyarca.
Allacman siricushpaca, Anselmoca rupac pavimento, pamba
changacunata, rigracunata, huashata, umatapish rupachictami sintirsca. Chaquicunaca janac Plaza Blancata ricucuc
shinami siricurca; umaca paipac llacta Runapac Libertad ladomanmi carca;
shinallatac paipac lluquimanca jambatiucuna huacanacucucllatami uyashpamana
cuyuri tucushpa siricurca.
Anselmoca jahuata ricurayashpa sirircallami. Jahua huairapica shuc sampisapa yurac
angami, alasta mana cuyuchishpa huashaman chaquicunata shitashpa muyushpa
pahuacurca .
Maquicunaca pecho jahuapimi camisata charirayaspa tiyacurca;
cunuclla jucushcatami maquica sintirca.
Huicsamantaca jatun nanaipish fiami chingarishpa caticurca.
Ñapish intica huashicurcami,
jahua pachapish tucuimi pucayarca.
Quipataca ñami tutayarca.
Lucerocunapish mana tiyarcachu.
Quillapish mana tiyarcachu.
Jambatiucunapish upallayarcami.
* * * * *
Nearly 20 years ago, Anselmo
Chumbi lost his life for simply being himself.
He was not given the chance to defend himself. No one was ever charged, arrested, tried, or convicted for his
murder…or for ordering his elimination.
The case was basically ignored.
It slid into the bureaucratic and political void.
Today, Indigenous people are taking power in a broad,
non-violent movement that has involved millions of people for decades of hard
and well-thought-out efforts. These
people have resolutely forced their way into the national debate in many
countries, earning a seat at the negotiating table, and gaining a voice in
determining how societies will be reshaped for the future. In many countries, these Indigenous people
now have the right to bilingual-multicultural education. They vote and hold office -- rising as high
as Vice President of Bolivia (Victor Hugo Cardenas) and Second Vice President
of the National Congress of Ecuador (Nina Pacari). The new President of Peru (Alejandro Toledo) is a man of
Indigenous origins. Power relations are
being completely transformed, slowly but surely, and in ways that are
irreversible. Cultural revitalization
and consciousness raising activities have contributed to Indian identities in
many regions being stronger than they have been in centuries. Cultural and physical survival for many
native ethnicities is assured; for others, it is still an open question.
Above all, Indigenous empowerment is no longer just a
dream or a plan; it is a fact. And
Indigenous men and women of the Andes, like Anselmo Chumbi/Ambrosio Passa, have
devoted their lives to making it so.
They represent a model for the entire world community to consider, learn
from, and aspire to. The Princeton
conference added to that learning process.
It was a pleasure to be a part of it, and I hope that my narrative
account has made a useful contribution towards illuminating socio-cultural
empowerment and revitalization.
Bowen, Elenore Smith (Laura
Bohanan). Return to Laughter.
New York: Harper and Brothers, 1954.
Clifford, James and George E. Marcus (eds.). Writing
Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Collier, Jr., John. Visual Anthropology:
Photography as a Research Method.
New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967.
Dabaghian, Jane (ed.) Mirror of Man: Readings in
Sociology and Literature. Boston:
Little, Brown and Company,1970.
Gerard, Philip. Creative Nonfiction --
Researching and Crafting Stories of Real Life. Story Press. 1996.
Goffman, Erving. The Presentation of Self in
Everyday Life. Garden City, New
York: Doubleday and Co, Inc., 1959.
Greenberg, et al, Martin. Social Problems
Through Science Fiction. New York:
St. Martin’s Press, 1975.
Kleymeyer, Charles D. Social Interaction between Quechuas and
Criollos: An Analytic Description of Power and Dependency, Domination and
Defense, in the Southern Sierra of Peru.
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1973.
________. Poder
y Dependencia Entre Quechuas y Criollos: Dominación y Defensa en la Sierra Sur
del Perú. Lima, Perú: Centro de Investigaciones Socioeconómicas,
Universidad Nacional Agraria, l982.
Kleymeyer, Chuck. "¿Tu Eres
Anselmo Chumbi?. . . Sí: A
Fictionalized True Story," Grassroots Development, Vol. 9,
No. 2, l985, pp. 10‑15 (also in Spanish and Portuguese editions of same
journal; and in Quichua translation, Quito, Ecuador: COMUNIDEC, l988).
________. "What is Grassroots
Development?" Grassroots
Development, Vol. 15, No. 1, l991, pp. 38‑39 (also in Spanish and
Portuguese editions of same journal).
________. "Cultural Energy and Grassroots
Development," Grassroots Development, Vol. 16, No. 3, l992, pp. 20‑28
(also in Spanish and Portuguese editions of same journal).
Kleymeyer, Charles D. Cultural Expression and Grassroots Development. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers,
1994. Published earlier, in Spanish, as
La Expresión Cultural y el Desarrollo de Base. Quito, Ecuador: Ediciones ABYA‑YALA, l993.
Kleymeyer, Charles David “Supporting Indigenous Strategies and Visions in Latin America,” Native
Americas, Vol. 15, No. 4, 1998, pp. 56-59.
Kurten, Bjorn. Dance of the Tiger: A Novel of the Ice Age. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1995.
Mills, C. Wright. The Sociological Imagination. London: Oxford University Press, 1959.
Milstead, et al, John. Sociology Through Science Fiction. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1974.
Nisbet, Robert. Sociology As an Art Form. London: Oxford University Press, 1976.